Deceptive indicia profile generation from communications interactions

ABSTRACT

Systems, methods, computer-readable storage mediums including computer-readable instructions and/or circuitry for generating deceptive indicia profiles may implement operations including, but not limited to: detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communication content provided by a participant in a first communications interaction; detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communications content provided by the participant in a second communications interaction; generating a deceptive indicia profile for the participant according to indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the first communications interaction and indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the second communications interaction; and providing a notification associated with the deceptive indicia profile for the participant to a second participant in a communications interaction with the participant.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is related to and claims the benefit of theearliest available effective filing date(s) from the following listedapplication(s) (the “Related Applications”) (e.g., claims earliestavailable priority dates for other than provisional patent applicationsor claims benefits under 35 USC §119(e) for provisional patentapplications, for any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent,etc. applications of the Related application(s)). All subject matter ofthe Related applications and of any and all parent, grandparent,great-grandparent, etc. applications of the Related applications,including any priority claims, is incorporated herein by reference tothe extent such subject matter is not inconsistent herewith.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of the United Statespatent application filed under U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/373,799, entitled DECEPTIVE INDICIA NOTIFICATION IN A COMMUNICATIONSINTERACTION, naming Clarence T. Tegreene, as inventor, filed Nov. 30,2011, which is currently co-pending or is an application of which acurrently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of thefiling date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of the United Statespatent application filed under U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/373,798, entitled DECEPTIVE INDICIA NOTIFICATION IN A COMMUNICATIONSINTERACTION naming Clarence T. Tegreene, as inventor, filed Nov. 30,2011, which is currently co-pending or is an application of which acurrently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of thefiling date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of the United Statespatent application filed under U.S. patent Ser. No. 13/373,938, entitledMASKING OF DECEPTIVE INDICIA IN A COMMUNICATIONS INTERACTIONS, namingClarence T. Tegreene, as inventor, filed Dec. 5, 2011, which iscurrently co-pending or is an application of which a currentlyco-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of the U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/374,516, entitled DETECTION OF DECEPTIVE INDICIAMASKING IN A COMMUNICATIONS INTERACTIONS, naming Clarence T. Tegreene,as inventor, filed Dec. 30, 2011, which is currently co-pending or is anapplication of which a currently co-pending application is entitled tothe benefit of the filing date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of the U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/374,521, entitled DECEPTIVE INDICIA PROFILEGENERATION FROM COMMUNICATIONS INTERACTIONS, naming Clarence T.Tegreene, as inventor, filed Dec. 30, 2011, which is currentlyco-pending or is an application of which a currently co-pendingapplication is entitled to the benefit of the filing date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of the U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/385,781, entitled DECEPTIVE INDICIA PROFILEGENERATION FROM COMMUNICATIONS INTERACTIONS, naming Clarence T.Tegreene, as inventor, filed Mar. 6, 2012, which is currently co-pendingor is an application of which a currently co-pending application isentitled to the benefit of the filing date.

For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the presentapplication constitutes a continuation-in-part of the United Statespatent application Serial No. [Attorney Docket No. 11-2-7] entitledDECEPTIVE INDICIA PROFILE GENERATION FROM COMMUNICATIONS INTERACTIONS,naming Clarence T. Tegreene, as inventor, filed Jul. 31, 2012, which iscurrently co-pending or is an application of which a currentlyco-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date.

The United States Patent Office (USPTO) has published a notice to theeffect that the USPTO's computer programs require that patent applicantsreference both a serial number and indicate whether an application is acontinuation, continuation-in-part, or divisional of a parentapplication. Stephen G. Kunin, Benefit of Prior-Filed application, USPTOOfficial Gazette Mar. 18, 2003. The present Applicant Entity(hereinafter “Applicant”) has provided above a specific reference to theapplication(s) from which priority is being claimed as recited bystatute. Applicant understands that the statute is unambiguous in itsspecific reference language and does not require either a serial numberor any characterization, such as “continuation” or“continuation-in-part,” for claiming priority to U.S. patentapplications. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Applicant understands thatthe USPTO's computer programs have certain data entry requirements, andhence Applicant has provided designation(s) of a relationship betweenthe present application and its parent application(s) as set forthabove, but expressly points out that such designation(s) are not to beconstrued in any way as any type of commentary and/or admission as towhether or not the present application contains any new matter inaddition to the matter of its parent application(s).

SUMMARY

Systems, methods, computer-readable storage mediums includingcomputer-readable instructions and/or circuitry for masking deceptiveindicia in communications content may implement operations including,but not limited to: detecting one or more indicia of deceptionassociated with one or more signals associated with communicationcontent provided by a participant in a first communications interaction;detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or moresignals associated with communications content provided by theparticipant in a second communications interaction; generating adeceptive indicia profile for the participant according to indicia ofdeception detected in the communications content provided by theparticipant in the first communications interaction and indicia ofdeception detected in the communications content provided by theparticipant in the second communications interaction; and providing anotification associated with the deceptive indicia profile for theparticipant to a second participant in a communications interaction withthe participant.

In one or more various aspects, related systems include but are notlimited to circuitry and/or programming for effecting the hereinreferenced aspects; the circuitry and/or programming can be virtuallyany combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware configured toeffect the herein-referenced method aspects depending upon the designchoices of the system designer.

The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be inany way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments,and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and featureswill become apparent by reference to the drawings and the followingdetailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a high-level block diagram of an operational environment.

FIG. 2A shows an exemplary high-level block diagram of an exemplarysystem.

FIG. 2B shows an exemplary high-level block diagram of an exemplarysystem.

FIG. 2A shows an exemplary high-level block diagram of an exemplarysystem.

FIG. 3B shows an exemplary high-level block diagram of an exemplarysystem.

FIG. 4 shows an operational procedure.

FIG. 5 shows an alternative embodiment of the operational procedure ofFIG. 4.

FIG. 6 shows an alternative embodiment of the operational procedure ofFIG. 4.

FIG. 7 shows an alternative embodiment of the operational procedure ofFIG. 4.

FIG. 8 shows an alternative embodiment of the operational procedure ofFIG. 4.

FIG. 9 shows an alternative embodiment of the operational procedure ofFIG. 4.

FIG. 10 shows an alternative embodiment of the operational procedure ofFIG. 4.

FIG. 11 shows an alternative embodiment of the operational procedure ofFIG. 4.

FIG. 12 shows an alternative embodiment of the operational procedure ofFIG. 4.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to theaccompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings,similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless contextdictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in thedetailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting.Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made,without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matterpresented here.

Remote communication systems are ubiquitous in today's society.Individuals who are remote from one another may communicate using aplethora of communications systems such as land line telephones, mobilecommunication devices (e.g. mobile phones, tablet computers, etc.),networked video conferencing (e.g. Cisco TelePresence), and the like.During such communications interactions, participants may transmit andreceive communications content (e.g. voice/audio data, video data, etc.)to various other remote participants.

For example, as shown in FIG. 1, a communications content transmittingsystem 100 may include a communications content capture device 101. Thecommunications content capture device 101 may include, but is notlimited to, a video capture device (e.g. a digital camera, web cam,teleconferencing camera, etc.), an audio capture device (e.g. amicrophone, telephone), and the like. The communications content 102captured from a content-generating participant 103 by the communicationscontent capture device 101 may be transmitted to a communicationsnetwork 104 via a communications module 105 of the communicationscontent transmitting system 100. The communications module 105 mayinclude a network adapter configured to translate the communicationscontent 102 captured by the communications content capture device 101according to a defined network protocol for the network 104 so as toenable transmission of the communications content 102 over the network104. For example, the communications module 105 may include a wirednetwork adapter (e.g. an Ethernet adapter), a cellular network adapter,a Wi-Fi network adapter, and the like.

As further shown in FIG. 1, the communications content 102 may betransmitted across the network 104 to a communications content receivingsystem 106. The communications content receiving system 106 may includea communications module 107 similar to the communications module 105 ofthe communications content transmitting system 100. For example, thecommunications module 107 may include a wired network adapter (e.g. anEthernet adapter), a cellular network adapter, a Wi-Fi network adapter,and the like. The communications module 107 may translate communicationscontent 102 transmitted across the network 104 according to the networkprotocol back into its native audio and/or video format. Thecommunications content 102 may then be provided to a presentation module108 where the communications content 102 may be displayed to acontent-receiving participant 109 via a display device 110 in the caseof video communications content 102 or broadcast to thecontent-receiving participant 109 via an audio speaker 111 in the caseof audio communications content 102 so as to enable thecontent-receiving participant 109 to view and/or hear the communicationscontent 102 generated by the content-generating participant 103.

It may be the case that such communications content 102 may be providedin the context of communications between the content-generatingparticipant 103 and the content-receiving participant 109 where thecontent-generating participant 103 may have a motivation to providedeceptive information to the content-receiving participant 109. Forexample, the content-generating participant 103 and thecontent-receiving participant 109 may be communicating regarding amutual business transaction where a negotiation of terms is occurring.As such, it may be the case that the content-generating participant 103may attempt to present deceptive information (e.g. information which,according to one or more objective standards, is untrue) in an attemptto obtains terms of the business transaction that are more favorable forthe side of the content-generating participant 103. As a specificexample, the content-generating participant 103 may providecommunications content 102 indicating that a maximum purchase price fora transaction is actually less that an authorized purchase price.

In such scenarios where the content-generating participant 103 may havea motivation to provide deceptive communications content 102 or,conversely, where the content-receiving participant 109 may believe thatthe content-generating participant 103 has such a motivation, variousphysiological indicia may be monitored to determine the likelihood thatsuch deception is, in fact occurring.

For example, as shown in FIG. 1, the communications content transmittingsystem 100 may include a physiological data capture device 112. Thephysiological data capture device 112 may be a device configured tocapture data associated with one or more physical conditions of thecontent-generating participant 103 such as heart rate, blood pressure,breathing patterns, perspiration levels, and the like. The physiologicaldata capture device 112 may include, but is not limited to, a heart ratemonitor (e.g. an EKG), a pressure transducer (e.g. a blood pressuremonitoring cuff), a thermometer, a skin conductivity sensor, an IRsensor, a high-resolution camera, a microphone, and the like.Physiological data obtained by the physiological data capture device 112may be provided to a which may analyze the physiological data (e.g.compare the data to one or more threshold levels) to determine if thephysiological data represents and indicia of deception.

Additionally, the communications content 102, itself, received via thecommunications content capture device 101 may be provided to thedeceptive indicia detection module 113 for analysis of thecommunications content 102 to determine if the communications content102 represents and indicia of deception. For example, the audio and/orvideo of the communications content 102 may be analyzed to determine thevarious physiological characteristics such as heart rate, bloodpressure, breathing patterns, perspiration levels as well as otherparameters such as eye dilation, eye movements, voice stress, languageconstructs, and the like.

Upon receipt of either physiological data from a physiological datacapture device 112 or the communications content 102 received from thecommunications content capture device 101, such data may be analyzed forcorrespondence with one or more defined deceptive indicia thresholdvalues maintained in a deceptive indicia threshold database 114.Exceeding one or more deceptive indicia threshold values may be anindicator that the content-generating participant 103 is presenting oneor more physiological indicators, speech patterns and/or physicalmovements that may be interpreted by a content-receiving participant 109as being associated with deception in the communications content 102.

In an exemplary embodiment, the physiological data capture device 112may include a near infra red charge-coupled device camera. The near IRCCD camera may image one or more blood vessels of the content-generatingparticipant 103. The deceptive indicia detection module 113 may receivesignals indicative of the blood vessel image and acquire measurements(e.g. pixel counts, reflectivity fluctuations, brightness, color, etc.in the blood vessel image) representing the various changes in size ofthe blood vessel over a period of time indicating one or more heartbeats. Such measurements over time may be used to compute a heart rate.The computed heart rate may be compared to a deceptive indicia thresholdvalue maintained in the deceptive indicia threshold database 114. As anelevated heart rate may be an indicator of stress associated withproviding deceptive communications content 102, a computed heart rate inexcess of the deceptive indicia threshold value may be detected asindicia of deception in the communications content 102.

In another exemplary embodiment, the physiological data capture device112 may include a near infra red charge-coupled device camera. The nearIR CCD camera may image one or more blood vessels of thecontent-generating participant 103. The deceptive indicia detectionmodule 113 may receive signals indicative of the blood vessel image andacquire measurements (e.g. pixel counts, reflectivity fluctuations,brightness, color, etc. in the blood vessel image) representing thevarious changes in size of the blood vessel. The size of the bloodvessel at any given time may be used to compute a blood pressure. As anelevated blood pressure may be an indicator of stress associated withproviding deceptive communications content 102, a computed bloodpressure in excess of the deceptive indicia threshold value may bedetected as indicia of deception in the communications content 102.

In another exemplary embodiment, the communications content capturedevice 101 and/or the physiological data capture device 112 may includea high-resolution camera. The high-resolution camera may image the skinsurface of the content-generating participant 103. The deceptive indiciadetection module 113 may receive signals associated with the image ofthe skin surface and detect the locations of one or more skin surfacefeatures, such as perspiration pores. The size of the perspiration poresand/or the dimensions of any perspiration droplets emanating from thosepores may be measured (e.g. pixel counts, reflectivity fluctuations,brightness, color, etc in the skin surface image) and monitored forchanges over time. As an elevated level of perspiration may be anindicator of stress associated with providing deceptive communicationscontent 102, a computed perspiration level in excess of the deceptiveindicia threshold value (e.g. a threshold pore or droplet dimension) maybe detected as indicia of deception in the communications content 102.

In another exemplary embodiment, the communications content capturedevice 101 and/or the physiological data capture device 112 may includea high-resolution camera. The high-resolution camera may image thefacial region of the content-generating participant 103. The deceptiveindicia detection module 113 may receive signals associated with theimage of the facial region and detect the locations of one or morefacial features. The movements of various facial features (e.g. the eyesand, more specifically, pupil dilation) may be measured (e.g. pixelcounts, reflectivity fluctuations, brightness, color, etc. in the facialregion image) and monitored for changes over time. For example, in thecase of a right-handed person, movement of the eyes to the up and leftmay be indicative of a “constructed” response which may be indicative ofdeception.

Further, certain brief, involuntary facial movements (e.g.“micro-expressions”) may be associated with certain underlying emotionsof the content-generating participant 103. For example, the FacialAction Coding System (FACS) developed by Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesenhas mapped various facial movements to underlying emotions. As certainphysical movements (e.g. pupil dilation, eye movement,micro-expressions, etc.) may be an indicator of deceptive communicationscontent 102, a computed facial movement (e.g. pupil dilation) in excessof the deceptive indicia threshold value (e.g. movement duration,movement distance, movement frequency) may be detected as indicia ofdeception in the communications content 102.

In another exemplary embodiment, the communications content capturedevice 101 and/or the physiological data capture device 112 may includea microphone. The microphone may capture an audio signal (e.g. speechcontent, a voice print, breathing, ambient noise, etc.) of thecontent-generating participant 103. The deceptive indicia detectionmodule 113 may then analyze the audio signal and detect one or morecharacteristics of the audio signal.

For example, the deceptive indicia detection module 113 may include aspeech recognition engine for detecting the speech content of thecontent-generating participant 103 within the communications content102. Various language constructs may be associated with the truth orfalsity of speech content. For example, the use of formal or “distance”language may be indicative of deception in speech content. Examples offormal or “distance” language may include but are not limited to, usageof a multi-syllable versions of synonymous words (e.g. “exceptional” vs.“great”), avoidance of contractions (e.g. “cannot” instead of “can't”),impersonal pronoun usage (e.g. “one might think . . . ” instead of “youmight think . . . ”), avoidance of commencing a sentence with aconjunction (e.g. “But I thought . . . ”), lack of antecedent basis foran article (“A man approached me and pointed a gun at me. He stuck thegun in my ribs and forced me into the car” where no prior reference to“a car” had been made), and the like. The speech recognition engine ofthe deceptive indicia detection module 113 may detect the speech termsused in the communications content 102 and measure one or more languageusage parameters (e.g. the frequency of use of formal language, theproximity of one formal language instance to the next, etc.). A languageusage parameter in excess of a deceptive indicia threshold value for thelanguage usage parameter may be detected as indicia of deception in thecommunications content 102.

In a further example, the deceptive indicia detection module 113 mayobtain a voice print of speech by the content-generating participant103. Various types of voice-change may occur as a result of stressassociated with providing deceptive communications content 102. Forexample, audible perceptible changes may include speaking rate, volume,voice tremor, spacing between syllables, and fundamental pitch orfrequency of the voice. Further, inaudible changes may result fromunconscious tensing of the vocal cords resulting in a dampening ofselected frequency variations. When graphically portrayed, thedifference may be readily discernible between unstressed or normalvocalization and vocalization under mild stress, attempts to deceive, oradverse attitudes. Still further, infrasonic, or subsonic, frequencymodulation may be present, in some degree, in both the vocal cord soundsand in the formant sounds (e.g. between 8 and 12 Hz). The speechrecognition engine of the deceptive indicia detection module 113 maydetect the voice print representing communications content 102 andmeasure one or more audio characteristics (e.g. the audio frequency,pitch, volume, amplitude, etc., or stability thereof of portions of thevoice print). An audio characteristic in excess of a deceptive indiciathreshold value for the audio characteristic may be detected as indiciaof deception in the communications content 102.

In a case where a content-generating participant 103 is presenting oneor more indicia of deception (e.g. physiological indicators, speechpatterns and/or physical movements) that may be interpreted/detected bya content-receiving participant 109 (e.g. detected by deceptive indiciadetection module 115 associated with the communications contentreceiving system 106) as being associated with deception, it may bedesirable for the content-generating participant 103 be made aware ofsuch indicia of deception so that the content-generating participant 103may take remedial steps to mitigate such indicia in a case where thecontent-generating participant 103 desires to avoid presenting anindication of deception in the communications content 102, oralternately, introduce indicia of deception into communications content102 where the content-generating participant 103 desires to present afalse indication of deception in the communications content 102.

As such, the communications content transmitting system 100 may includea deceptive indicia notification module 116. The deceptive indicianotification module 116 may receive one or more signals from thedeceptive indicia detection module 113 indicating the presence orabsence of deceptive indicia in communications content 102 beingprovided to the content-receiving participant 109. Upon the receipt ofone or more signals associated with the presence of indicia of deceptionin communications content 102 from the deceptive indicia detectionmodule 113, the deceptive indicia notification module 116 may, in turnprovide one or more signals to a presentation module 117 so that anindicator associated with the indicia of deception is presented to thecontent-generating participant 103.

For example, upon the receipt of one or more signals associated with thepresence of indicia of deception in communications content 102 from thedeceptive indicia detection module 113, the deceptive indicianotification module 116 may provide one or more video signals to adeceptive indicia display device 118 (e.g. an LCD display) so that avisual indicator 119 associated with the indicia of deception ispresented within a field of view of the content-generating participant103. As shown in FIG. 2A, the deceptive indicia display device 118 maydisplay a video conferencing interface 120 configured to presentaudio/video content from the content-receiving participant 109 during acommunication interaction (e.g. at least one of audio and visualcommunication between at least the content-generating participant 103and content-receiving participant 109). The deceptive indicia displaydevice 118 may display a visual indicator 119A that presents a rate ofoccurrences of indicia of deception in the communications content 102, avisual indicator 119B that presents a cumulative number of occurrencesof indicia of deception in the communications content 102, a color codedvisual indicator 119A (e.g. “green” level indicating a low rate ofoccurrences of indicia of deception, a “yellow” level indicating amoderate rate of occurrences of indicia of deception, to a “red” levelindicating a high rate of occurrences of indicia of deception). Thevisual indicator 119 may be a dynamic indicator that changes (e.g. movesfrom an indicated “high” rate of indicia of deception to an indicated“low” rate of indicia of deception) in real-time according to the typeand/or amount of indicia of deception detected within communicationscontent 102. The visual indicator 119 may provide an indication of thelevel of indicia of deception on a aggregate basis (e.g. occurrencemetrics for multiple indicia of deception types, such as eye movement,formal language, etc. are combined into a single indicator for an“overall” view of the indicia of deception) or on an indicia-by-indiciabasis (e.g. each indicia type is represented by a separate visualindicator 119).

Further, it will be noted that certain eye movements may be indicia ofdeception. For example, in the case of a right-handed person, movementof the eyes to the up and left may be indicative of a “constructed”response which may be indicative of deception. Conversely, movement ofthe eyes up and to the right may be indicative of a “memory recall”response which may be indicative of truthfulness. The above referencedconventions may be reversed for a left-handed person.

As such, the communications content transmitting system 100 may furtherinclude a user input device 121 (e.g. a keyboard, mouse, touch pad,touch screen, etc.) that may receive a user input from thecontent-generating participant 103 defining a “handedness” of thecontent-generating participant 103. The visual indicator 119 may bedisplayed on the deceptive indicia display device 118 according to the“handedness” of the content-generating participant 103 so that the actof looking at the visual indicator 119 by the content-generatingparticipant 103 during a communications interaction is not, itself, anindicia of deception. Specifically, for a right-handedcontent-generating participant 103, the visual indicator 119 may bedisplayed on the right-hand side of the deceptive indicia display device118. For a left-handed content-generating participant 103, the visualindicator 119 may be displayed on the left-hand side of the deceptiveindicia display device 118 (not shown).

In another embodiment, the upon the receipt of one or more signalsassociated with the presence of indicia of deception in communicationscontent 102 from the deceptive indicia detection module 113, thedeceptive indicia notification module 116 may provide one or more audiosignals to a deceptive indicia broadcast device 122 (e.g. an audiospeaker, headset, earpiece, etc.) that an audio indicator (e.g. anotification sound effect such as a beep, a spoken message, etc.)associated with the indicia of deception is emitted to thecontent-generating participant 103.

In order to avoid presenting indicia of deception that rises to a levelwhere it may be detectable by the content-receiving participant 109 viathe deceptive indicia detection module 115 of communications module 107,the deceptive indicia detection module 113 may maintain two or morethreshold values associated with a given indicia of deception indeceptive indicia threshold database 114 so as to provide a notificationthat a detectable incidence of deception has likely already occurred aswell as to provide a predictive notification that an indicia ofdeception may occur in the future. For example, the first thresholdvalue may be a predictive threshold value indicating that a number orrate of indicia of deception has occurred which rise to a level which isnot likely to be a detectable incidence of deception but may be trendingtowards such a level. The second threshold value may be a detectablethreshold value indicating that sufficient number of indicia ofdeception have been present in communications content 102 that acontent-receiving participant 109 may detect it as an incidence ofdeception.

It may be the case that the deceptive indicia detection module 113 anddeceptive indicia notification module 116 may perform deceptive indiciadetection and notification in a substantially real-time manner during acommunication interaction (e.g. a video conference) between thecontent-generating participant 103 and the content-receiving participant109 to allow the content-generating participant 103 to monitor thecommunications content 102 for indicia of deception. Further, uponcompletion of a communications interaction, it may be advisable for acontent-generating participant 103 to review the communications content102 and any detected indicia of deception for education and/or trainingpurposes. As such, during a communication interaction, the deceptiveindicia detection module 115 may record the communications content 102and apply one or more tags to the recorded communications content 102according to detected occurrences of indicia of deception.

For example, during a communication interaction, the deceptive indiciadetection module 115 may detect an incidence of indicia of deception.The deceptive indicia detection module 115 may sample a portion of thecommunications content 102 containing the detected incidence of indiciaof deception and store an audio/video file containing the sampledportion of the communications content 102 containing the detectedincidence of indicia of deception to a deceptive indicia librarydatabase 123. The audio/video file containing the sampled portion of thecommunications content 102 containing the detected incidence of indiciaof deception may be annotated with information regarding the indicia ofdeception (e.g. the type of indicia of deception, the degree ofdeception indicated, etc.) to facilitate review of the detected indiciaof deception.

In another example, during a communication interaction, the deceptiveindicia detection module 115 may detect an incidence of indicia ofdeception. The deceptive indicia detection module 115 may record thecommunications content 102 as an audio/video file and apply a graphicalelement (e.g. a “flag” icon 124) to the audio/video file at a timeassociated with the detection of an incidence of indicia of deception.The recorded audio/video file containing the graphical elementcommunications content 102 associated with the detected incidence ofindicia of deception may be stored to the deceptive indicia librarydatabase 123.

In another example, during a communication interaction, the deceptiveindicia detection module 115 may detect an incidence of indicia ofdeception. The deceptive indicia detection module 115 may store a timestamp associated with the detected incidence of the indicia of deceptionto the deceptive indicia library database 123.

In another example, a content-generating participant 103 may beindependently aware of an occurrence of an indicia of deceptioncontained in the communications content 102 (e.g. the content-generatingparticipant 103 knows they have lied about a maximum authorized purchaseprice during a negotiation). In such a case, the communications contenttransmitting system 100 may receive a user input via user input device121 indicative of an occurrence of indicia of deception in thecommunications content 102. The deceptive indicia detection module 115may correlate the occurrence of the user input to detected indicia ofdeception and apply a tag (e.g. an audio/video sample, an insertion of agraphical element, storing a time stamp, etc.) to the communicationscontent 102 according to the user input.

As described above, it may be advisable for a content-generatingparticipant 103 to review the communications content 102 and anydetected indicia of deception for education and/or training purposes. Assuch, following tagging of the communications content 102 according tothe detected indicia of deception, the portions of the communicationscontent 102 associated with the tagged indicia of deception may bereplayed to the content-generating participant 103. For example, asshown in FIG. 2A, one or more tagged portions of the communicationscontent 102 may be retrieved from the deceptive indicia library database123 and displayed/broadcasted by the presentation module 117 via areview interface 125. The review interface 125 may include videoplayback functionality configured to present the communications content102 according to the tags. For example, the review interface 125 mayallow for the content-generating participant 103 to skip to portions ofthe communications content 102 associated with the tags. For example,the review interface 125 may provide a “skip to next” user interfaceelement whereby a user input associated with the “skip to next” userinterface element causes the review interface 125 to display/broadcastthe next instance of the communications content 102 having a tagassociated with a detection of indicia of deception.

In addition to providing a notification to the content-generatingparticipant 103 that the communications content 102 provided to thecontent-receiving participant 109 may include one or more indicia ofdeception, one or more remedial measures may be taken to modify thecommunications content 102 to reduce or remove or, alternately, add orenhance indicia of deception within the communications content 102 priorto providing the communications content 102 to the content-receivingparticipant 109.

As shown in FIG. 1, following detection of indicia of deception in thecommunications content 102 by the deceptive indicia detection module113, the communications content 102 may be provided to a deceptiveindicia masking module 126. The deceptive indicia masking module 126 maymodify the communications content 102 to reduce or remove the detectedindicia of deception within the communications content 102 to producemodified communications content 102′.

For example, as shown in FIG. 1, the deceptive indicia detection module113 may detect one or more indicia of deception (e.g. micro expressions,eye dilation, eye movement, heart rate, blood pressure, perspirationlevel, breathing rate, voice stress, use of characteristic language,etc.) in the audio/video signals of the communications content 102. Thedeceptive indicia detection module 113 may provide data associated withthe detected indicia of deception along with the original communicationscontent 102 to the deceptive indicia masking module 126. The deceptiveindicia masking module 126 may receive the original communicationscontent 102 and the data associated with the detected indicia ofdeception and modify the detected indicia of deception in thecommunications content 102 to produce modified communications content102′.

In an exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia masking module 126 maymodify one or more pixels of the video data of the communicationscontent 102 to produce modified video data of the modifiedcommunications content 102′. For example, it may be the case that thecommunications content capture device 101 may capture videocommunications content 102 from the content-generating participant 103that includes footage where the eyes of the content-generatingparticipant 103 become dilated in response to stress associated withproviding deceptive communications content 102. As described above, thedeceptive indicia detection module 113 may detect the dilation of theeyes of content-generating participant 103 as an indicia of deceptionand provide data regarding such detection to the deceptive indiciamasking module 126. Upon receipt of such data, the deceptive indiciamasking module 126 may modify the communications content 102 to reducethe apparent dilation of the eyes of content-generating participant 103by modifying (e.g. altering the color, brightness, contrast, etc.) oneor more pixels of the image associated with the pupil and/or iris.Specifically, the deceptive indicia masking module 126 may sample thecharacteristics of the pixels of the image associated with the iris andapply such characteristics to pixels associated with the pupil to reducethe apparent size of the pupil of the content-generating participant103. The modified pixels may be included in modified communicationscontent 102′ which may be provided to the content-receiving participant109.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia masking module126 may replace one or more frames of video data of the communicationscontent 102 to produce modified video data of the modifiedcommunications content 102′. For example, it may be the case that thecommunications content capture device 101 may capture videocommunications content 102 from the content-generating participant 103that includes footage where the content-generating participant 103exhibits a micro expression response to stress associated with providingdeceptive communications content 102. As described above, the deceptiveindicia detection module 113 may detect the micro expression by thecontent-generating participant 103 as indicia of deception and providedata regarding such detection to the deceptive indicia masking module126. Upon receipt of such data, the deceptive indicia masking module 126may modify the communications content 102 to reduce the apparent microexpression by the content-generating participant 103 by replacing one ormore frames of the video communications content 102 which depict themicro expression with one or more frames which do not depict the microexpression (e.g. frames directly proceeding the frames depicting themicro expression). In the case of such frame replacement, acontent-receiving participant 109 may merely view the repeated frames asa transmission buffering error and not a masking of the microexpression.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia masking module126 may reduce the resolution on video data of the communicationscontent 102 to produce modified video data of the modifiedcommunications content 102′. For example, it may be the case that thecommunications content capture device 101 may capture videocommunications content 102 including an indicia of deception from thecontent-generating participant 103 in a resolution (e.g. 1080p videoresolution) high enough that the content-receiving participant 109 mayeasily detect the presence of indicia of deception in the communicationscontent 102. As described above, the deceptive indicia detection module113 may detect the indicia of deception in the content-generatingparticipant 103 and provide data regarding such detection to thedeceptive indicia masking module 126. Upon receipt of such data, thedeceptive indicia masking module 126 may modify the communicationscontent 102 to reduce the apparent indicia of deception by thecontent-generating participant 103 by reducing the resolution of aportion of the video communications content 102 which depicts theindicia of deception to a resolution (e.g. to 720p, 480i, etc.) whichmakes the indicia of deception more difficult to detect by thecontent-receiving participant 109. Specifically, the indicia ofdeception may be the dilation of the eyes of the content-generatingparticipant 103. Reducing the resolution of the communications content102 associated with dilation of the eyes of the content-generatingparticipant 103 may result in modified communications content 102′ wherethe display characteristics of pixels associated with the iris andpixels associated with the pupil of content-generating participant 103become difficult to distinguish.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia masking module126 may reduce the frame rate of video data of the communicationscontent 102 to produce modified video data of the modifiedcommunications content 102′. For example, it may be the case that thecommunications content capture device 101 may capture videocommunications content 102 from the content-generating participant 103that includes footage where the content-generating participant 103exhibits a micro expression response to stress associated with providingdeceptive communications content 102. As described above, the deceptiveindicia detection module 113 may detect the micro expression by thecontent-generating participant 103 as indicia of deception and providedata regarding such detection to the deceptive indicia masking module126. Upon receipt of such data, the deceptive indicia masking module 126may modify the communications content 102 to reduce the apparent microexpression by the content-generating participant 103 by reducing theframe rate of the communications content 102 which depict the microexpression such that the a frame duration is greater than the durationof the micro expression.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia masking module126 may modify the frequency of audio data of the communications content102 to produce modified audio data of the modified communicationscontent 102′. For example, it may be the case that the communicationscontent capture device 101 may capture audio communications content 102from the content-generating participant 103 that includes inaudiblechanges that result from unconscious tensing of the vocal cordsresulting in a dampening of selected frequency variations in response tostress associated with providing deceptive communications content 102.Still further, infrasonic, or subsonic, frequency modulation may bepresent, in some degree, in both the vocal cord sounds and in theformant sounds (e.g. between 8 and 12 Hz). As described above, thedeceptive indicia detection module 113 may detect such sounds bycontent-generating participant 103 as indicia of deception and providedata regarding such detection to the deceptive indicia masking module126. Upon receipt of such data, the deceptive indicia masking module 126may reduce the apparent indicia of deception by modifying the audiocharacteristics (e.g. the frequency, pitch, volume, amplitude, etc.) ofthe communications content 102 which exhibit indicia of deception toreduce such indicia.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia masking module126 may apply a filter to audio data of the communications content 102to produce modified audio data of the modified communications content102′. For example, it may be the case that the communications contentcapture device 101 may capture audio communications content 102 from thecontent-generating participant 103 that includes inaudible changes thatresult from unconscious tensing of the vocal cords resulting in adampening of selected frequency variations in response to stressassociated with providing deceptive communications content 102. Stillfurther, infrasonic, or subsonic, frequency modulation may be present,in some degree, in both the vocal cord sounds and in the formant sounds(e.g. between 8 and 12 Hz). As described above, the deceptive indiciadetection module 113 may detect such sounds by content-generatingparticipant 103 as indicia of deception and provide data regarding suchdetection to the deceptive indicia masking module 126. Upon receipt ofsuch data, the deceptive indicia masking module 126 may apply a filterto the portions of audio communications content 102 which exhibitindicia of deception to remove such characteristic frequencies.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia masking module126 may replace one or more portions of the audio/video data of thecommunications content 102 to produce modified audio/video data of themodified communications content 102′. For example, it may be the casethat the communications content capture device 101 may capture audiocommunications content 102 from the content-generating participant 103where the content-generating participant 103 employs characteristiclanguage in his or her speech in response to stress associated withproviding deceptive communications content 102. As described above, thedeceptive indicia detection module 113 may detect the use of formallanguage by the content-generating participant 103 as indicia ofdeception and provide data regarding such detection to the deceptiveindicia masking module 126. Upon receipt of such data, the deceptiveindicia masking module 126 may modify the communications content 102 toreduce the apparent use of formal language by the content-generatingparticipant 103 by replacing one or more frames of the audio/videocommunications content 102 including the formal language with one ormore frames which do not include the formal language. Specifically, thecontent-generating participant 103 may pre-record portions of thecommunications content 102 which do not include formal language whichmay be stored as audio/video files and such stored files may beretrieved and substituted for one or more frames of the communicationscontent 102 that include the formal language upon a detection of the useof such formal language in the communications content 102.

In another exemplary embodiment, the communications content capturedevice 101 may include a high-resolution camera. The high-resolutioncamera may image one or more external features of the content-generatingparticipant 103 during capture of the communications content 102. Asdescribed above, the deceptive indicia detection module 113 may receivesignals associated with the image of the facial region and detect thelocations of one or more facial features. Pupil dilation may be measured(e.g. by pixel counts, reflectivity fluctuations, brightness, color,etc. in the facial region image) and monitored for changes over time.Upon detection of a computed pupil dilation in excess of the deceptiveindicia threshold value by the deceptive indicia detection module 113, asignal indicative of such detection may be provided to the deceptiveindicia masking module 126. The deceptive indicia masking module 126 maymodify the communications content 102 to reduce the apparent dilation ofthe eyes of content-generating participant 103 by modifying (e.g.altering the color, brightness, contrast, etc.) one or more pixels ofthe image associated with the pupil and/or iris. Specifically, thedeceptive indicia masking module 126 may sample the characteristics ofthe pixels of the image associated with the iris and apply suchcharacteristics to pixels associated with the pupil to reduce theapparent size of the pupil of the content-generating participant 103.The modified pixels may be included in modified communications content102′ which may be provided to the content-receiving participant 109.

In another exemplary embodiment, the high-resolution camera may imageone or more external features of the content-generating participant 103during capture of the communications content 102. As described above,the deceptive indicia detection module 113 may receive signalsassociated with the image of the facial region and detect the locationsof one or more facial features. Eye movement may be measured (e.g. bypixel counts, reflectivity fluctuations, brightness, color, etc. in thefacial region image) and monitored for changes over time. Upon detectionof a computed eye movement in excess of the deceptive indicia thresholdvalue by the deceptive indicia detection module 113 (e.g., in the caseof a right-handed person, movement of the eyes to the up and left may beindicative of a “constructed” response which may be indicative ofdeception), a signal indicative of such detection may be provided to thedeceptive indicia masking module 126. The deceptive indicia maskingmodule 126 may modify the communications content 102 to reduce theapparent movement of the eyes of the content-generating participant 103.Specifically, the deceptive indicia masking module 126 may replacepixels representative of the eyes of the content-generating participant103 which reflect excessive eye movement with pixels representative ofthe eyes of the content-generating participant 103 which do not includesuch excessive eye movement.

In an exemplary embodiment, the high-resolution camera image may includesufficient resolution to image the movement of one or more blood vessels(e.g. the external carotid artery, external jugular vein, superficialtemporal artery, etc.) of the content-generating participant 103. Thedeceptive indicia detection module 113 may receive signals indicative ofthe blood vessel image and acquire measurements (e.g. pixel counts,reflectivity fluctuations, brightness, color, etc. in the blood vesselimage) representing the various changes in size of the blood vessel overa period of time indicating one or more heart beats. Such measurementsover time may be used to compute a heart rate for the content-generatingparticipant 103. The computed heart rate may be compared to a deceptiveindicia threshold value maintained in the deceptive indicia thresholddatabase 127. As an elevated heart rate may be an indicator of stressassociated with providing deceptive communications content 102, acomputed heart rate in excess of the deceptive indicia threshold valuemay be detected as indicia of deception in the communications content102. The deceptive indicia masking module 126 may modify thecommunications content 102 to reduce the apparent movements of the bloodvessel of the content-generating participant 103. Specifically, thedeceptive indicia masking module 126 may replace pixels representativeof the blood vessel of the content-generating participant 103 whichreflect an excessive heart rate with pixels representative of the bloodvessel of the content-generating participant 103 which do not reflectsuch an excessive heart rate.

Alternately, deceptive indicia detection module 113 may receive signalsindicative of the blood vessel image and acquire measurements (e.g.pixel counts, reflectivity fluctuations, brightness, color, etc. in theblood vessel image) representing the various changes in size of theblood vessel. The size of the blood vessel at any given time may be usedto compute a blood pressure. As an elevated blood pressure may be anindicator of stress associated with providing deceptive communicationscontent 102, a computed blood pressure in excess of the deceptiveindicia threshold value may be detected as indicia of deception in thecommunications content 102. The deceptive indicia masking module 126 maymodify the communications content 102 to reduce the apparent size of theblood vessel of the content-generating participant 103. Specifically,the deceptive indicia masking module 126 may replace pixelsrepresentative of the blood vessel of the content-generating participant103 which reflect an excessive blood pressure with pixels representativeof the blood vessel of the content-generating participant 103 which donot reflect such an excessive blood pressure.

In another exemplary embodiment, the high-resolution camera may imagethe skin surface of the content-generating participant 103. Thedeceptive indicia detection module 113 may receive signals associatedwith the image of the skin surface and detect the locations of one ormore skin surface features, such as perspiration pores. The size of theperspiration pores and/or the dimensions of any perspiration dropletsemanating from those pores may be measured (e.g. pixel counts,reflectivity fluctuations, brightness, color, etc in the skin surfaceimage) and monitored for changes over time. As an elevated level ofperspiration may be an indicator of stress associated with providingdeceptive communications content 102, a computed perspiration level inexcess of the deceptive indicia threshold value (e.g. a threshold poreor droplet dimension) may be detected as indicia of deception in thecommunications content 102. The deceptive indicia masking module 126 maymodify the communications content 102 to reduce the apparent size of theperspiration pores or perspiration droplets of the content-generatingparticipant 103. Specifically, the deceptive indicia masking module 126may replace pixels representative of the perspiration pores orperspiration droplets of the content-generating participant 103 whichreflect excessive perspiration with pixels representative of theperspiration pores or perspiration droplets of the content-generatingparticipant 103 which do not reflect such excessive perspiration.

In another exemplary embodiment, the high-resolution camera may imagethe skin surface of the content-generating participant 103. Thedeceptive indicia detection module 113 may receive signals associatedwith the image of the content-generating participant 103 and detect thelocations of one or more bodily features. The relative positions of suchbodily features may be measured (e.g. pixel counts in the skin surfaceimage) and monitored for changes over time. For example, movement ofvarious bodily features (e.g. the expansion and contraction of the chestcavity, movement of the shoulders, etc.) may be indicative ofrespiration. As an elevated level of rate of respiration may be anindicator of stress associated with providing deceptive communicationscontent 102, a computed breathing rate in excess of the deceptiveindicia threshold value (e.g. a breathing rate) may be detected asindicia of deception in the communications content 102. The deceptiveindicia masking module 126 may modify the communications content 102 toreduce the apparent breathing rate of the content-generating participant103. Specifically, the deceptive indicia masking module 126 may replacepixels representative of the movement of the chest and/or shoulders ofthe content-generating participant 103 which reflect excessive breathingwith pixels representative of the movement of the chest and/or shouldersof the content-generating participant 103 which do not reflect suchexcessive breathing.

In another exemplary embodiment, the high-resolution camera may imagethe facial region of the content-generating participant 103. Thedeceptive indicia detection module 113 may receive signals associatedwith the image of the facial region and detect the locations of one ormore facial features. The movements of various facial features (e.g. theeyes and, more specifically, pupil dilation) may be measured (e.g. pixelcounts, reflectivity fluctuations, brightness, color, etc. in the facialregion image) and monitored for changes over time. For example, in thecase of a right-handed person, movement of the eyes to the up and leftmay be indicative of a “constructed” response which may be indicative ofdeception. Further, certain brief, involuntary facial movements (e.g.“micro-expressions”) may be associated with certain underlying emotionsof the content-generating participant 103. For example, the FacialAction Coding System (FACS) developed by Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesenhas mapped various facial movements to underlying emotions. As certainphysical movements (e.g. pupil dilation, eye movement,micro-expressions, etc.) may be an indicator of deceptive communicationscontent 102, a computed facial movement (e.g. pupil dilation) in excessof the deceptive indicia threshold value (e.g. movement duration,movement distance, movement frequency) may be detected as indicia ofdeception in the communications content 102. The deceptive indiciamasking module 126 may modify the communications content 102 to reducethe apparent micro expression of the content-generating participant 103.Specifically, the deceptive indicia masking module 126 may replacepixels representative of the movement of the eyes, mouth, or otherfacial features of the content-generating participant 103 which reflecta micro expression with pixels representative of the movement of theeyes, mouth, or other facial features of the content-generatingparticipant 103 which do not reflect such a micro expression.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia detection module113 may obtain a voice print of speech by the content-generatingparticipant 103. Various types of voice-change may occur as a result ofstress associated with providing deceptive communications content 102.For example, audible perceptible changes may include speaking rate,volume, voice tremor, spacing between syllables, and fundamental pitchor frequency of the voice. Further, inaudible changes may result fromunconscious tensing of the vocal cords resulting in a dampening ofselected frequency variations. When graphically portrayed, thedifference may be readily discernible between unstressed or normalvocalization and vocalization under mild stress, attempts to deceive, oradverse attitudes. Still further, infrasonic, or subsonic, frequencymodulation may be present, in some degree, in both the vocal cord soundsand in the formant sounds (e.g. between 8 and 12 Hz). The speechrecognition engine of the deceptive indicia detection module 113 maydetect the voice print representing communications content 102 andmeasure one or more audio characteristics (e.g. the audio frequency,pitch, volume, amplitude, etc., or stability thereof of portions of thevoice print). An audio characteristic in excess of a deceptive indiciathreshold value for the audio characteristic may be detected as indiciaof deception in the communications content 102. The deceptive indiciamasking module 126 may modify the communications content 102 to alterthe apparent speaking rate, volume, voice tremor, spacing betweensyllables, and fundamental pitch or frequency of the voice of thecontent-generating participant 103. Specifically, the deceptive indiciamasking module 126 may introduce delay or apply one or more filters tothe voice content of the content-generating participant 103 whichreflect voice-changes occurring as a result of stress associated withproviding deceptive content with voice content of the content-generatingparticipant 103 which do not reflect such voice-changes occurring as aresult of stress associated with providing deceptive content.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia detection module113 may include a speech recognition engine for detecting the speechcontent of the content-generating participant 103 within thecommunications content 102. Various language constructs may beassociated with the truth or falsity of speech content. For example, theuse of formal or “distance” language may be indicative of deception inspeech content. Examples of formal or “distance” language may includebut are not limited to, usage of a multi-syllable versions of synonymouswords (e.g. “exceptional” vs. “great”), avoidance of contractions (e.g.“cannot” instead of “can't”), impersonal pronoun usage (e.g. “one mightthink . . . ” instead of “you might think . . . ”), avoidance ofcommencing a sentence with a conjunction (e.g. “But I thought . . . ”),lack of antecedent basis for an article (“A man approached me andpointed a gun at me. He stuck the gun in my ribs and forced me into thecar” where no prior reference to “a car” had been made), and the like.The speech recognition engine of the deceptive indicia detection module113 may detect the speech terms used in the communications content 102and measure one or more language usage parameters (e.g. the frequency ofuse of formal language, the proximity of one formal language instance tothe next, etc.). A language usage parameter in excess of a deceptiveindicia threshold value for the language usage parameter may be detectedas indicia of deception in the communications content 102. The deceptiveindicia masking module 126 may modify the communications content 102 toalter the language presented by of the content-generating participant103. Specifically, the deceptive indicia masking module 126 may replacelanguage content of the content-generating participant 103 which reflectformal language with language content of the content-generatingparticipant 103 which do not reflect such formal language bysubstituting one or more pre-recorded audio files which do not containthe formal language for the portions of the communications content 102that do contain the formal language.

Further, it may be the case that the content-generating participant 103wishes to insert false indicia of deception into the communicationscontent 102 in order to further confuse the content-receivingparticipant 109 with respect to the veracity of the communicationscontent 102. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, the deceptive indiciamasking module 126 may modify the communications content 102 at pseudorandom intervals to add or enhance indicia of deception within thecommunications content 102 to produce modified communications content102′. This modified communications content 102′ may be provided to thecontent-receiving participant 109 in place of communications content102.

In an exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia masking module 126 maymodify one or more pixels of the video data of the communicationscontent 102 to produce modified video data of the modifiedcommunications content 102′. For example, it may be the case that thecommunications content capture device 101 may capture videocommunications content 102 from the content-generating participant 103that includes footage where the eyes of the content-generatingparticipant 103 have a normal dilation indicative of an absence ofstress associated with providing deceptive communications content 102.The deceptive indicia masking module 126 may modify the communicationscontent 102 to increase the apparent dilation of the eyes ofcontent-generating participant 103 by modifying (e.g. altering thecolor, brightness, contrast, etc.) one or more pixels of the imageassociated with the pupil and/or iris. Specifically, the deceptiveindicia masking module 126 may sample the characteristics of the pixelsof the image associated with the pupil and apply such characteristics topixels associated with the iris to increase the apparent size of thepupil of the content-generating participant 103 thereby creating a falseindicia of deception. The modified pixels may be included in modifiedcommunications content 102′ which may be provided to thecontent-receiving participant 109.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia masking module126 may replace one or more frames of video data of the communicationscontent 102 to produce modified video data of the modifiedcommunications content 102′. For example, it may be the case that thecommunications content capture device 101 may capture videocommunications content 102 from the content-generating participant 103that includes footage where the content-generating participant 103 doesnot exhibit a micro expression response due to an absence of stressassociated with providing deceptive communications content 102. Thedeceptive indicia masking module 126 may modify the communicationscontent 102 to introduce an apparent micro expression by thecontent-generating participant 103 by replacing one or more frames ofthe video communications content 102 which do not depict a microexpression with one or more frames which do depict a micro expression.For example, a pre-recorded video segment including a micro expressionof the content-generating participant 103 may be substituted into thecommunications content 102 in place of portions of the communicationscontent 102 which do not include such a micro expression.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia masking module126 may modify the modifying the audio characteristics (e.g. thefrequency, pitch, volume, amplitude, etc.) of audio data of thecommunications content 102 to produce modified audio data of themodified communications content 102′. For example, it may be the casethat the communications content capture device 101 may capture audiocommunications content 102 from the content-generating participant 103that does not include inaudible changes that result from unconscioustensing of the vocal cords resulting in a dampening of selectedfrequency variations in response to stress associated with providingdeceptive communications content 102 (e.g. infrasonic, or subsonic,frequency modulation may be present, in some degree, in both the vocalcord sounds and in the formant sounds (e.g. between 8 and 12 Hz)). Thedeceptive indicia masking module 126 may introduce apparent indicia ofdeception by modifying the audio characteristics (e.g. the frequency,pitch, volume, amplitude, etc.) of the communications content 102 whichdo not exhibit indicia of deception.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia masking module126 may apply a filter to audio data of the communications content 102to produce modified audio data of the modified communications content102′. For example, it may be the case that the communications contentcapture device 101 may capture audio communications content 102 from thecontent-generating participant 103 that does not include inaudiblechanges that result from unconscious tensing of the vocal cordsresulting in a dampening of selected frequency variations in response tostress associated with providing deceptive communications content 102(e.g. infrasonic, or subsonic, frequency modulation may be present, insome degree, in both the vocal cord sounds and in the formant sounds(e.g. between 8 and 12 Hz)). The deceptive indicia masking module 126may apply a filter to the portions of audio communications content 102which do not exhibit indicia of deception to add such characteristicfrequencies.

In another exemplary embodiment, the communications content capturedevice 101 may include a high-resolution camera. The high-resolutioncamera may image one or more external features of the content-generatingparticipant 103 during capture of the communications content 102. Thedeceptive indicia masking module 126 may modify the communicationscontent 102 to increase the apparent dilation of the eyes ofcontent-generating participant 103 by modifying (e.g. altering thecolor, brightness, contrast, etc.) one or more pixels of the imageassociated with the pupil and/or iris. Specifically, the deceptiveindicia masking module 126 may sample the characteristics of the pixelsof the image associated with the pupil and apply such characteristics topixels associated with the iris to increase the apparent size of thepupil of the content-generating participant 103. The modified pixels maybe included in modified communications content 102′ which may beprovided to the content-receiving participant 109.

In another exemplary embodiment, the high-resolution camera may imageone or more external features of the content-generating participant 103during capture of the communications content 102. The deceptive indiciamasking module 126 may modify the communications content 102 tointroduce an apparent movement of the eyes of the content-generatingparticipant 103. Specifically, the deceptive indicia masking module 126may replace pixels representative of the eyes of the content-generatingparticipant 103 which reflect normal eye position with pixelsrepresentative of the eyes of the content-generating participant 103which include such excessive eye movement.

In an exemplary embodiment, the high-resolution camera image may includesufficient resolution to image the movement of one or more blood vessels(e.g. the external carotid artery, external jugular vein, superficialtemporal artery, etc.) of the content-generating participant 103. Thedeceptive indicia masking module 126 may modify the communicationscontent 102 to increase the apparent movements of the blood vessel ofthe content-generating participant 103. Specifically, the deceptiveindicia masking module 126 may replace pixels representative of theblood vessel of the content-generating participant 103 which reflectnormal heart rate with pixels representative of the blood vessel of thecontent-generating participant 103 which exhibit an elevated heart rate.

Alternately, deceptive indicia detection module 113 may receive signalsindicative of the blood vessel image and acquire measurements (e.g.pixel counts, reflectivity fluctuations, brightness, color, etc. in theblood vessel image) representing the various changes in size of theblood vessel. The deceptive indicia masking module 126 may modify thecommunications content 102 to increase the apparent size of the bloodvessel of the content-generating participant 103. Specifically, thedeceptive indicia masking module 126 may replace pixels representativeof the blood vessel of the content-generating participant 103 whichreflect normal blood pressure with pixels representative of the bloodvessel of the content-generating participant 103 which exhibit anelevated blood pressure.

In another exemplary embodiment, the high-resolution camera may imagethe skin surface of the content-generating participant 103. Thedeceptive indicia detection module 113 may receive signals associatedwith the image of the skin surface and detect the locations of one ormore skin surface features, such as perspiration pores. The deceptiveindicia masking module 126 may modify the communications content 102 toincrease the apparent size of the perspiration pores or perspirationdroplets of the content-generating participant 103. Specifically, thedeceptive indicia masking module 126 may replace pixels representativeof the perspiration pores or perspiration droplets of thecontent-generating participant 103 which reflect normal perspirationwith pixels representative of the perspiration pores or perspirationdroplets of the content-generating participant 103 which reflectelevated perspiration.

In another exemplary embodiment, the high-resolution camera may imagethe skin surface of the content-generating participant 103. Thedeceptive indicia detection module 113 may receive signals associatedwith the image of the content-generating participant 103 and detect thelocations of one or more bodily features. The relative positions of suchbodily features may be measured (e.g. pixel counts in the skin surfaceimage) and monitored for changes over time. For example, movement ofvarious bodily features (e.g. the expansion and contraction of the chestcavity, movement of the shoulders, etc.) may be indicative ofrespiration. The deceptive indicia masking module 126 may modify thecommunications content 102 to increase the apparent breathing rate ofthe content-generating participant 103. Specifically, the deceptiveindicia masking module 126 may replace pixels representative of themovement of the chest and/or shoulders of the content-generatingparticipant 103 which reflect normal breathing with pixelsrepresentative of the movement of the chest and/or shoulders of thecontent-generating participant 103 which reflect an elevated breathingrate.

In another exemplary embodiment, the high-resolution camera may imagethe facial region of the content-generating participant 103. Thedeceptive indicia detection module 113 may receive signals associatedwith the image of the facial region and detect the locations of one ormore facial features. As certain physical movements (e.g. pupildilation, eye movement, micro-expressions, etc.) may be an indicator ofdeceptive communications content 102, a computed facial movement (e.g.pupil dilation) in excess of the deceptive indicia threshold value (e.g.movement duration, movement distance, movement frequency), the deceptiveindicia masking module 126 may modify the communications content 102 tointroduce an apparent micro expression in the content-generatingparticipant 103. Specifically, the deceptive indicia masking module 126may replace pixels representative of the eyes, mouth, or other facialfeatures of the content-generating participant 103 which do not reflecta micro expression with pixels representative of the movement of theeyes, mouth, or other facial features of the content-generatingparticipant 103 which do reflect such a micro expression.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia detection module113 may obtain a voice print of speech by the content-generatingparticipant 103. Various types of voice-change may occur as a result ofstress associated with providing deceptive communications content 102.The deceptive indicia masking module 126 may modify the communicationscontent 102 to alter the apparent speaking rate, volume, voice tremor,spacing between syllables, and fundamental pitch or frequency of thevoice of the content-generating participant 103. Specifically, thedeceptive indicia masking module 126 may introduce delay or apply one ormore filters to normal voice content of the content-generatingparticipant 103 which do not reflect voice-changes occurring as a resultof stress associated with providing deceptive content to generate voicecontent of the content-generating participant 103 that reflectvoice-changes occurring as a result of stress associated with providingdeceptive content.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia detection module113 may include a speech recognition engine for detecting the speechcontent of the content-generating participant 103 within thecommunications content 102. Various language constructs may beassociated with the truth or falsity of speech content. For example, theuse of formal or “distance” language may be indicative of deception inspeech content. Examples of formal or “distance” language may includebut are not limited to, usage of a multi-syllable versions of synonymouswords (e.g. “exceptional” vs. “great”), avoidance of contractions (e.g.“cannot” instead of “can't”), impersonal pronoun usage (e.g. “one mightthink . . . ” instead of “you might think . . . ”), avoidance ofcommencing a sentence with a conjunction (e.g. “But I thought . . . ”),lack of antecedent basis for an article (“A man approached me andpointed a gun at me. He stuck the gun in my ribs and forced me into thecar” where no prior reference to “a car” had been made), and the like.The speech recognition engine of the deceptive indicia detection module113 may detect the speech terms used in the communications content 102and measure one or more language usage parameters (e.g. the frequency ofuse of formal language, the proximity of one formal language instance tothe next, etc.). The deceptive indicia masking module 126 may modify thecommunications content 102 to alter the language presented by of thecontent-generating participant 103. Specifically, the deceptive indiciamasking module 126 may replace language content of thecontent-generating participant 103 which does not reflect formallanguage with language content of the content-generating participant 103which does reflect formal language by substituting one or morepre-recorded audio/video files which contain the formal language for theportions of the communications content 102 that do not contain theformal language.

Further, it may be the case that the content-receiving participant 109wishes to determine the presence of indicia of deception in thecommunications content 102 and receive notification thereof. As such,the communications content receiving system 106 may include a deceptiveindicia detection module 115 maintaining a deceptive indicia thresholddatabase 127, a deceptive indicia notification module 128, apresentation module 108 and a deceptive indicia library database 129employing functionality similar to the deceptive indicia detectionmodule 113, deceptive indicia notification module 116, presentationmodule 117 and deceptive indicia library database 123 described above todetect and notify the content-receiving participant 109 of the presenceof indicia of deception in the communications content 102 as well asgenerate an indicia of deception profile for the content-generatingparticipant 103 to be stored in deceptive indicia library database 129.

For example, as shown in FIG. 1, communications content 102 received bythe communications content receiving system 106 from the communicationscontent transmitting system 100 via the communications module 107 may beprovided to the deceptive indicia detection module 115 for analysis ofthe communications content 102 to determine if the communicationscontent 102 represents an indicia of deception. For example, the audioand/or video of the communications content 102 may be analyzed todetermine the various physiological characteristics such as heart rate,blood pressure, breathing patterns, perspiration levels as well as otherparameters such as eye dilation, eye movements, voice stress, languageconstructs, and the like of the content-generating participant 103.

Upon receipt of the communications content 102 from the communicationscontent transmitting system 100, such data may be analyzed forcorrespondence with one or more defined deceptive indicia thresholdvalues maintained in the deceptive indicia threshold database 127.Exceeding one or more deceptive indicia threshold values may be anindicator that the content-generating participant 103 is presenting oneor more physiological indicators, speech patterns and/or physicalmovements that may be associated with deception in the communicationscontent 102.

In an exemplary embodiment, the communications content capture device101 may include a high-resolution camera (e.g. a camera having aresolution of at least 720 lines in a vertical direction). Ahigh-resolution camera image may include sufficient resolution to imagethe movement of one or more blood vessels (e.g. the external carotidartery, external jugular vein, superficial temporal artery, etc.) of thecontent-generating participant 103. The deceptive indicia detectionmodule 115 may receive signals indicative of the blood vessel image andacquire measurements (e.g. pixel counts, reflectivity fluctuations,brightness, color, etc. in the blood vessel image) representing thevarious changes in size of the blood vessel over a period of timeindicating one or more heart beats. Such measurements over time may beused to compute a heart rate for the content-generating participant 103.The computed heart rate may be compared to a deceptive indicia thresholdvalue maintained in the deceptive indicia threshold database 127. As anelevated heart rate may be an indicator of stress associated withproviding deceptive communications content 102, a computed heart rate inexcess of the deceptive indicia threshold value may be detected asindicia of deception in the communications content 102.

Alternately, deceptive indicia detection module 115 may receive signalsindicative of the blood vessel image and acquire measurements (e.g.pixel counts, reflectivity fluctuations, brightness, color, etc. in theblood vessel image) representing the various changes in size of theblood vessel. The size of the blood vessel at any given time may be usedto compute a blood pressure. As an elevated blood pressure may be anindicator of stress associated with providing deceptive communicationscontent 102, a computed blood pressure in excess of the deceptiveindicia threshold value may be detected as indicia of deception in thecommunications content 102.

In another exemplary embodiment, the high-resolution camera may imagethe skin surface of the content-generating participant 103. Thedeceptive indicia detection module 115 may receive signals associatedwith the image of the skin surface and detect the locations of one ormore skin surface features, such as perspiration pores. The size of theperspiration pores and/or the dimensions of any perspiration dropletsemanating from those pores may be measured (e.g. pixel counts,reflectivity fluctuations, brightness, color, etc in the skin surfaceimage) and monitored for changes over time. As an elevated level ofperspiration may be an indicator of stress associated with providingdeceptive communications content 102, a computed perspiration level inexcess of the deceptive indicia threshold value (e.g. a threshold poreor droplet dimension) may be detected as indicia of deception in thecommunications content 102.

In another exemplary embodiment, the high-resolution camera may imagethe facial region of the content-generating participant 103. Thedeceptive indicia detection module 115 may receive signals associatedwith the image of the facial region and detect the locations of one ormore facial features. The movements of various facial features (e.g. theeyes and, more specifically, pupil dilation) may be measured (e.g. pixelcounts, reflectivity fluctuations, brightness, color, etc. in the facialregion image) and monitored for changes over time. For example, in thecase of a right-handed person, movement of the eyes to the up and leftmay be indicative of a “constructed” response which may be indicative ofdeception.

Further, certain brief, involuntary facial movements (e.g.“micro-expressions”) may be associated with certain underlying emotionsof the content-generating participant 103. For example, the FacialAction Coding System (FACS) developed by Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesenhas mapped various facial movements to underlying emotions. As certainphysical movements (e.g. pupil dilation, eye movement,micro-expressions, etc.) may be an indicator of deceptive communicationscontent 102, a computed facial movement (e.g. pupil dilation) in excessof the deceptive indicia threshold value (e.g. movement duration,movement distance, movement frequency) may be detected as indicia ofdeception in the communications content 102.

In another exemplary embodiment, the communications content capturedevice 101 may include a microphone. The microphone may capture an audiosignal (e.g. speech content, a voice print, breathing, ambient noise,etc.) of the content-generating participant 103. The deceptive indiciadetection module 115 may then analyze the audio signal and detect one ormore characteristics of the audio signal.

For example, the deceptive indicia detection module 115 may include aspeech recognition engine for detecting the speech content of thecontent-generating participant 103 within the communications content102. Various language constructs may be associated with the truth orfalsity of speech content. For example, the use of formal or “distance”language may be indicative of deception in speech content. Examples offormal or “distance” language may include but are not limited to, usageof a multi-syllable versions of synonymous words (e.g. “exceptional” vs.“great”), avoidance of contractions (e.g. “cannot” instead of “can't”),impersonal pronoun usage (e.g. “one might think . . . ” instead of “youmight think . . . ”), avoidance of commencing a sentence with aconjunction (e.g. “But I thought . . . ”), lack of antecedent basis foran article (“A man approached me and pointed a gun at me. He stuck thegun in my ribs and forced me into the car” where no prior reference to“a car” had been made), and the like. The speech recognition engine ofthe deceptive indicia detection module 115 may detect the speech termsused in the communications content 102 and measure one or more languageusage parameters (e.g. the frequency of use of formal language, theproximity of one formal language instance to the next, etc.). A languageusage parameter in excess of a deceptive indicia threshold value for thelanguage usage parameter may be detected as indicia of deception in thecommunications content 102.

In a further example, the deceptive indicia detection module 115 mayobtain a voice print of speech by the content-generating participant103. Various types of voice-change may occur as a result of stressassociated with providing deceptive communications content 102. Forexample, audible perceptible changes may include speaking rate, volume,voice tremor, spacing between syllables, and fundamental pitch orfrequency of the voice. Further, inaudible changes may result fromunconscious tensing of the vocal cords resulting in a dampening ofselected frequency variations. When graphically portrayed, thedifference may be readily discernible between unstressed or normalvocalization and vocalization under mild stress, attempts to deceive, oradverse attitudes. Still further, infrasonic, or subsonic, frequencymodulation may be present, in some degree, in both the vocal cord soundsand in the formant sounds (e.g. between 8 and 12 Hz). The speechrecognition engine of the deceptive indicia detection module 115 maydetect the voice print representing communications content 102 andmeasure one or more audio characteristics (e.g. the audio frequency,pitch, volume, amplitude, etc., or stability thereof of portions of thevoice print). An audio characteristic in excess of a deceptive indiciathreshold value for the audio characteristic may be detected as indiciaof deception in the communications content 102.

In a case where a content-generating participant 103 is presenting oneor more indicia of deception (e.g. physiological indicators, speechpatterns and/or physical movements) that may be interpreted/detected bya content-receiving participant 109 (e.g. detected by the deceptiveindicia detection module 115 associated with the communications contentreceiving system 106) as being associated with deception, it may bedesirable for the content-receiving participant 109 to be made aware ofsuch indicia of deception so that the content-receiving participant 109may account for such deception in considering the communications content102.

As such, the communications content receiving system 106 may include adeceptive indicia notification module 128. The deceptive indicianotification module 128 may receive one or more signals from thedeceptive indicia detection module 115 indicating the presence orabsence of deceptive indicia in communications content 102 beingprovided to the content-receiving participant 109. Upon the receipt ofone or more signals associated with the presence of indicia of deceptionin communications content 102 from the deceptive indicia detectionmodule 115, the deceptive indicia notification module 128 may, in turnprovide one or more signals to a presentation module 108 so that anindicator associated with the indicia of deception is presented to thecontent-receiving participants 109.

For example, upon the receipt of one or more signals associated with thepresence of indicia of deception in communications content 102 from thedeceptive indicia detection module 115, the deceptive indicianotification module 128 may provide one or more video signals to adisplay device 110 (e.g. an LCD display) so that a visual indicator 130associated with the indicia of deception is presented within a field ofview of the content-generating participant 103. As shown in FIG. 3A, thedisplay device 110 may display a video conferencing interface 120configured to present audio/video content to the content-receivingparticipant 109 during a communication interaction (e.g. at least one ofaudio and visual communication between at least the content-generatingparticipant 103 and content-receiving participant 109). The displaydevice 110 may display a visual indicator 130A that presents a rate ofoccurrences of indicia of deception in the communications content 102, avisual indicator 130B that presents a cumulative number of occurrencesof indicia of deception in the communications content 102, a color codedvisual indicator 130A (e.g. “green” level indicating a low rate ofoccurrences of indicia of deception, a “yellow” level indicating amoderate rate of occurrences of indicia of deception, to a “red” levelindicating a high rate of occurrences of indicia of deception). Thevisual indicator 130 may be a dynamic indicator that changes (e.g. movesfrom an indicated “high” rate of indicia of deception to an indicated“low” rate of indicia of deception) in real-time according to the typeand/or amount of indicia of deception detected within communicationscontent 102. The visual indicator 130 may provide an indication of thelevel of indicia of deception on a aggregate basis (e.g. occurrencemetrics for multiple indicia of deception types, such as eye movement,formal language, etc. are combined into a single indicator for an“overall” view of the indicia of deception) or on an indicia-by-indiciabasis (e.g. each indicia type is represented by a separate visualindicator 130).

Further, it will be noted that certain eye movements may be indicia ofdeception. For example, in the case of a right-handed person, movementof the eyes to the up and left may be indicative of a “constructed”response which may be indicative of deception. Conversely, movement ofthe eyes up and to the right may be indicative of a “memory recall”response which may be indicative of truthfulness. The above referencedconventions may be reversed for a left-handed person.

As such, the communications content receiving system 106 may furtherinclude a user input device 131 (e.g. a keyboard, mouse, touch pad,touch screen, etc.) that may receive a user input from thecontent-receiving participant 109 defining a “handedness” of thecontent-receiving participant 109. The visual indicator 130 may bedisplayed on the display device 110 according to the “handedness” of thecontent-receiving participant 109 so that the act of looking at thevisual indicator 130 by the content-receiving participant 109 during acommunications interaction is not, itself, an indicia of deception bythe content-receiving participant 109. Specifically, for a right-handedcontent-receiving participant 109, the visual indicator 130 may bedisplayed on the right-hand side of the display device 110. For aleft-handed content-receiving participant 109, the visual indicator 130may be displayed on the left-hand side of the display device 110 (notshown).

In another embodiment, the upon the receipt of one or more signalsassociated with the presence of indicia of deception in communicationscontent 102 from the deceptive indicia detection module 115, thedeceptive indicia notification module 128 may provide one or more audiosignals to a audio speaker 111 (e.g. an audio speaker, headset,earpiece, etc.) that an audio indicator (e.g. a notification soundeffect such as a beep, a spoken message, etc.) associated with theindicia of deception is emitted to the content-receiving participant109.

In order to provide predictive detection of indicia of deception, thedeceptive indicia detection module 115 may maintain two or morethreshold values associated with a given indicia of deception indeceptive indicia threshold database 127 so as to provide a notificationthat a detectable incidence of deception has likely already occurred aswell as to provide a predictive notification that an indicia ofdeception may occur in the future. For example, the first thresholdvalue may be a predictive threshold value indicating that a number orrate of indicia of deception has occurred which rise to a level which isnot likely to be a detectable incidence of deception but may be trendingtowards such a level. The second threshold value may be a detectablethreshold value indicating that sufficient number of indicia ofdeception have been present in communications content 102 that acontent-receiving participant 109 may detect it as an incidence ofdeception.

It may be the case that the deceptive indicia detection module 115 anddeceptive indicia notification module 128 may perform deceptive indiciadetection and notification in a substantially real-time manner during acommunication interaction (e.g. a video conference) between thecontent-generating participant 103 and the content-receiving participant109 to allow the content-receiving participant 109 to monitor thecommunications content 102 for indicia of deception. Further, uponcompletion of a communications interaction, it may be advisable for acontent-receiving participant 109 to review the communications content102 and any detected indicia of deception for education and/or trainingpurposes. As such, during a communication interaction, the deceptiveindicia detection module 115 may record the communications content 102and apply one or more tags to the recorded communications content 102according to detected occurrences of indicia of deception.

For example, during a communication interaction, the deceptive indiciadetection module 115 may detect an incidence of indicia of deception.The deceptive indicia detection module 115 may sample a portion of thecommunications content 102 containing the detected incidence of indiciaof deception and store an audio/video file containing the sampledportion of the communications content 102 containing the detectedincidence of indicia of deception to a deceptive indicia librarydatabase 129. The audio/video file containing the sampled portion of thecommunications content 102 containing the detected incidence of indiciaof deception may be annotated with information regarding the indicia ofdeception (e.g. the type of indicia of deception, the degree ofdeception indicated, etc.) to facilitate review of the detected indiciaof deception.

In another example, during a communication interaction, the deceptiveindicia detection module 115 may detect an incidence of indicia ofdeception. The deceptive indicia detection module 115 may record thecommunications content 102 as an audio/video file and apply a graphicalelement (e.g. a “flag” icon 132) to the audio/video file at a timeassociated with the detection of an incidence of indicia of deception.The recorded audio/video file containing the graphical elementcommunications content 102 associated with the detected incidence ofindicia of deception may be stored to the deceptive indicia librarydatabase 129.

In another example, during a communication interaction, the deceptiveindicia detection module 115 may detect an incidence of indicia ofdeception. The deceptive indicia detection module 115 may store a timestamp associated with the detected incidence of the indicia of deceptionto the deceptive indicia library database 129.

In another example, a content-receiving participant 109 may beindependently aware of an occurrence of an indicia of deceptioncontained in the communications content 102 (e.g. the content-receivingparticipant 109 knows the content-generating participant 103 has liedabout a maximum authorized purchase price during a negotiation). In sucha case, the communications content receiving system 106 may receive auser input via user input device 131 indicative of an occurrence ofindicia of deception in the communications content 102. The deceptiveindicia detection module 115 may correlate the occurrence of the userinput to detected indicia of deception and apply a tag (e.g. anaudio/video sample, an insertion of a graphical element, storing a timestamp, etc.) to the communications content 102 according to the userinput.

As described above, it may be advisable for a content-receivingparticipant 109 to review the communications content 102 and anydetected indicia of deception for education and/or training purposes. Assuch, following tagging of the communications content 102 according tothe detected indicia of deception, the portions of the communicationscontent 102 associated with the tagged indicia of deception may bereplayed to the content-receiving participant 109. For example, as shownin FIG. 3B, one or more tagged portions of the communications content102 may be retrieved from the deceptive indicia library database 129 anddisplayed/broadcasted by the presentation module 108 via a reviewinterface 133. The review interface 133 may include video playbackfunctionality configured to present the communications content 102according to the tags. For example, the review interface 133 may allowfor the content-receiving participant 109 to skip to portions of thecommunications content 102 associated with the tags. For example, thereview interface 133 may provide a “skip to next” user interface elementwhereby a user input associated with the “skip to next” user interfaceelement causes the review interface 133 to display/broadcast the nextinstance of the communications content 102 having a tag associated witha detection of indicia of deception.

Further, it may be the case that the content-receiving participant 109may suspect that the content-generating participant 103 may be employingindicia of deception masking techniques via deceptive indicia maskingmodule 126. As such, the communications content receiving system 106 mayfurther include a deceptive indicia masking detection module 134. Thedeceptive indicia masking detection module 134 may receive modifiedcommunications content 102′ and detect whether or not deceptive indiciamasking has been applied to the original communications content 102.Upon detection of one or more instances of deceptive indicia masking bythe deceptive indicia masking detection module 134, the deceptiveindicia masking detection module 134 may remove the instances of thedeceptive indicia masking from the modified communications content 102′to restore the original communications content 102 and provide theoriginal communications content 102 and/or a notification that deceptiveindicia masking has been detected to the content-receiving participant109 via the presentation module 108.

For example, as shown in FIG. 1, communications content 102 generated bythe content-generating participant 103 may be provided to a deceptiveindicia masking module 126. The deceptive indicia masking module 126 maymodify the communications content 102 to reduce or remove indicia ofdeception within the communications content 102 to produce modifiedcommunications content 102′. In an exemplary embodiment, the deceptiveindicia masking module 126 may modify one or more pixels of the videodata of the communications content 102 to produce modified video data ofthe modified communications content 102′. For example, it may be thecase that the communications content capture device 101 may capturevideo communications content 102 from the content-generating participant103 that includes footage where the eyes of the content-generatingparticipant 103 become dilated in response to stress associated withproviding deceptive communications content 102. As described above, thedeceptive indicia detection module 113 may detect the dilation of theeyes of content-generating participant 103 as an indicia of deceptionand provide data regarding such detection to the deceptive indiciamasking module 126. Upon receipt of such data, the deceptive indiciamasking module 126 may modify the communications content 102 to reducethe apparent dilation of the eyes of content-generating participant 103by modifying (e.g. altering the color, brightness, contrast, etc.) oneor more pixels of the image associated with the pupil and/or iris.

Following modification of the communications content 102 to generate themodified communications content 102′, it may be the case that themodified communications content 102′ is provided to thecontent-receiving participant 109. Audio and/or video signals associatedwith the modified communications content 102′ may be transmitted by thecommunications content transmitting system 100 to the communicationscontent receiving system 106 where the modified communications content102′ is received by the communications module 107. As described above,it may the case that content-receiving participant 109 may have reasonto believe that the content-generating participant 103 may providecommunications content 102 which could include indicia of deception and,as such, the content-generating participant 103 may employ deceptiveindicia masking module 126 to modify the communications content 102 toreduce or remove the indicia of deception in the communications content102. As such, the modified communications content 102′ may be routed tothe deceptive indicia masking detection module 134 to analyze themodified communications content 102′ to detect indicia of modificationin the modified communications content 102′. For example, the deceptiveindicia masking detection module 134 may detect two or more repeated(e.g. identical) video frames in the modified communications content102′. As such repeated frames may be indicative of a modification in themodified communications content 102′ by the deceptive indicia maskingmodule 126, the deceptive indicia masking detection module 134 maydetect such repeated frames as an indicia of modification in themodified communications content 102′.

In another exemplary embodiment, the communications content capturedevice 101 may include a high-resolution camera (e.g. a camera having aresolution of at least 720 lines in a vertical direction). Ahigh-resolution camera may image the movements of the content-generatingparticipant 103. The images may be modified by the deceptive indiciamasking module 126 as described above and provided as modifiedcommunications content 102′ to the communications content receivingsystem 106 where they may be received by the deceptive indicia maskingdetection module 134 for analysis of the existence of indicia ofmodification of the modified communications content 102′.

In another exemplary embodiment, the communications content capturedevice 101 may include a microphone. The microphone may capture an audiosignal (e.g. speech content, a voice print, breathing, ambient noise,etc.) of the content-generating participant 103. The audio signals maybe modified by the deceptive indicia masking module 126 as describedabove and provided as modified communications content 102′ to thecommunications content receiving system 106 where they may be receivedby the deceptive indicia masking detection module 134 for analysis ofthe existence of indicia of modification of the modified communicationscontent 102′.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia masking module126 may modify one or more pixels of the video data of thecommunications content 102 to produce modified video data of themodified communications content 102′. For example, it may be the casethat the communications content capture device 101 may capture videocommunications content 102 from the content-generating participant 103that includes footage where the eyes of the content-generatingparticipant 103 become dilated in response to stress associated withproviding deceptive communications content 102. The deceptive indiciamasking module 126 may modify the communications content 102 to reducethe apparent dilation of the eyes of content-generating participant 103by modifying (e.g. altering the color, brightness, contrast, etc.) oneor more pixels of the image associated with the pupil and/or iris.Specifically, the deceptive indicia masking module 126 may sample thecharacteristics of the pixels of the image associated with the iris andapply such characteristics to pixels associated with the pupil to reducethe apparent size of the pupil of the content-generating participant103. The modified pixels may be included in modified communicationscontent 102′ which may be provided to the content-receiving participant109. Upon receipt of the modified communications content 102′, thedeceptive indicia masking detection module 134 may analyze the modifiedcommunications content 102′ for evidence that one or more pixelsassociated with the dilation of the eyes of the content-generatingparticipant 103 have been modified. For example, the deceptive indiciamasking detection module 134 may detect adjacent pixels having identicalcolor, brightness and/or contrast values. Such identical adjacent pixelsmay be indicative of a replacement of one or more pixels associated withthe pupil of the content-generating participant 103 with one or morepixels associated with the iris of the content content-generatingparticipant 103 so as to reduce the apparent dilation of the eyes of thecontent-generating participant 103.

In another exemplary embodiment, the communications content capturedevice 101 may capture video communications content 102 from thecontent-generating participant 103 that includes footage where thecontent-generating participant 103 exhibits a micro expression responseto stress associated with providing deceptive communications content102. The deceptive indicia masking module 126 may modify thecommunications content 102 to reduce the apparent micro expression bythe content-generating participant 103 by replacing one or more framesof the video communications content 102 which depict the microexpression with one or more frames which do not depict the microexpression (e.g. frames directly proceeding the frames depicting themicro expression). The modified pixels may be included in modifiedcommunications content 102′ which may be provided to thecontent-receiving participant 109. Upon receipt of the modifiedcommunications content 102′, the deceptive indicia masking detectionmodule 134 may analyze the modified communications content 102′ forevidence that one or more frames of the modified communications content102′ have been modified. For example, the deceptive indicia maskingdetection module 134 may detect sequential frames having identicalpixels. Such identical sequential frames may be indicative of areplacement of one or more frames containing an indicia of deceptionwith one or more frames lacking an indicia of deception meant to concealan indicia of deception by the content-generating participant 103.Alternately, the deceptive indicia masking detection module 134 maydetect sequential frames having widely varying pixels. Such varyingsequential frames may be indicative of a replacement of one or moreframes containing an indicia of deception with one or more pre-recordedframes meant to conceal an indicia of deception by thecontent-generating participant 103. For example, a first frame mayindicate the presence of a shadow in the video content while a secondframe directly following the first does not include an indication of ashadow.

In another exemplary embodiment, the communications content capturedevice 101 may capture video communications content 102 including anindicia of deception from the content-generating participant 103 in aresolution (e.g. 1080p video resolution) high enough that thecontent-receiving participant 109 may easily detect the presence ofindicia of deception in the communications content 102. The deceptiveindicia masking module 126 may modify the communications content 102 toreduce the apparent indicia of deception by the content-generatingparticipant 103 by reducing the resolution of a portion of the videocommunications content 102 which depicts the indicia of deception to aresolution (e.g. to 720p, 480i, etc.) which makes the indicia ofdeception more difficult to detect by the content-receiving participant109. Upon receipt of the modified communications content 102′, thedeceptive indicia masking detection module 134 may analyze the modifiedcommunications content 102′ for evidence that the resolution of themodified communications content 102′ have been modified. For example,the deceptive indicia masking detection module 134 may detect that aportion of the modified communications content 102′ has a resolutiondifferent than that of other portions of the modified communicationscontent 102′. Such resolution differences may be indicative of aninduced resolution degradation meant to conceal an indicia of deceptionby the content-generating participant 103.

In another exemplary embodiment, the communications content capturedevice 101 may capture video communications content 102 from thecontent-generating participant 103 that includes footage where thecontent-generating participant 103 exhibits a micro expression inresponse to stress associated with providing deceptive communicationscontent 102. The deceptive indicia masking module 126 may modify thecommunications content 102 to reduce the apparent micro expression bythe content-generating participant 103 by reducing the frame rate of theportion of the communications content 102 which depicts the microexpression such that a frame duration is greater than the duration ofthe micro expression. Upon receipt of the modified communicationscontent 102′, the deceptive indicia masking detection module 134 mayanalyze the modified communications content 102′ for evidence that theframe rate of the modified communications content 102′ have beenmodified. For example, the deceptive indicia masking detection module134 may detect that a portion of the modified communications content102′ has a frame rate different than that of other portions of themodified communications content 102′. Such frame rate differences may beindicative of an induced frame rate modification meant to conceal anindicia of deception by the content-generating participant 103.

In another exemplary embodiment, the communications content capturedevice 101 may capture audio communications content 102 from thecontent-generating participant 103 that includes inaudible changes thatresult from unconscious tensing of the vocal cords resulting in adampening of selected frequency variations in response to stressassociated with providing deceptive communications content 102. Stillfurther, infrasonic, or subsonic, frequency modulation may be present,in some degree, in both the vocal cord sounds and in the formant sounds(e.g. between 8 and 12 Hz). The deceptive indicia masking module 126 mayreduce the apparent indicia of deception by modifying the audiocharacteristics (e.g. the frequency, pitch, volume, amplitude, etc.) ofthe communications content 102 which exhibit indicia of deception toreduce such indicia. Upon receipt of the modified communications content102′, the deceptive indicia masking detection module 134 may analyze themodified communications content 102′ for evidence that one or more audiocharacteristics of the modified communications content 102′ have beenmodified. For example, the deceptive indicia masking detection module134 may detect that a portion of the modified communications content102′ has a frequency, pitch, volume, amplitude different than that ofother portions of the modified communications content 102′. Such audiocharacteristic differences may be indicative of an induced audiocharacteristic modification meant to conceal indicia of deception by thecontent-generating participant 103. Such divergent audio characteristicsmay be indicative of a replacement of one or more portions containing anindicia of deception with one or more pre-recorded frames lacking anindicia of deception meant to conceal the indicia of deception by thecontent-generating participant 103. For example, a first portion mayindicate the presence of background audio content (e.g. automobiletraffic) while a second portion directly following the first does notinclude the background audio content.

In another exemplary embodiment the deceptive indicia masking detectionmodule 134 may detect that a portion of the modified communicationscontent 102′ has a frequency, pitch, volume, amplitude different thanthat of other portions of the modified communications content 102′. Suchdivergent audio characteristics may be indicative of a replacement ofone or more portions containing an indicia of deception with one or morepre-recorded frames lacking an indicia of deception meant to conceal theindicia of deception by the content-generating participant 103. Forexample, a first portion may indicate the presence of background audiocontent (e.g. automobile traffic) while a second portion directlyfollowing the first does not include the background audio content.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia masking module126 may modify one or more pixels of the video data of thecommunications content 102 to produce modified video data of themodified communications content 102′. For example, it may be the casethat the communications content capture device 101 may capture videocommunications content 102 from the content-generating participant 103that includes footage where the eyes of the content-generatingparticipant 103 become dilated in response to stress associated withproviding deceptive communications content 102. The deceptive indiciamasking module 126 may modify the communications content 102 to reducethe apparent dilation of the eyes of content-generating participant 103by modifying (e.g. altering the color, brightness, contrast, etc.) oneor more pixels of the image associated with the pupil and/or iris.Specifically, the deceptive indicia masking module 126 may sample thecharacteristics of the pixels of the image associated with the iris andapply such characteristics to pixels associated with the pupil to reducethe apparent size of the pupil of the content-generating participant103. The modified pixels may be included in modified communicationscontent 102′ which may be provided to the content-receiving participant109. Upon receipt of the modified communications content 102′, thedeceptive indicia masking detection module 134 may analyze the modifiedcommunications content 102′ for evidence that one or more pixelsassociated with the dilation of the eyes of the content-generatingparticipant 103 have been modified. For example, the deceptive indiciamasking detection module 134 may detect adjacent pixels having identicalcolor, brightness and/or contrast values. Such identical adjacent pixelsmay be indicative of a replacement of one or more pixels associated withthe pupil of the content-generating participant 103 with one or morepixels associated with the iris of the content content-generatingparticipant 103 so as to reduce the apparent dilation of the eyes of thecontent-generating participant 103.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia masking module126 may modify one or more pixels of the video data of thecommunications content 102 to produce modified video data of themodified communications content 102′. For example, it may be the casethat the communications content capture device 101 may capture videocommunications content 102 from the content-generating participant 103that includes footage where the eyes of the content-generatingparticipant 103 move in response to stress associated with providingdeceptive communications content 102 (e.g., in the case of aright-handed person, movement of the eyes to the up and left may beindicative of a “constructed” response which may be indicative ofdeception). The deceptive indicia masking module 126 may modify thecommunications content 102 to reduce the apparent movement of the eyesof content-generating participant 103 by modifying (e.g. altering thecolor, brightness, contrast, etc.) one or more pixels of the imageassociated with the pupil and/or iris. Specifically, the deceptiveindicia masking module 126 may replace pixels representative of the eyesof the content-generating participant 103 which reflect excessive eyemovement with pixels representative of the eyes of thecontent-generating participant 103 which do not include such excessiveeye movement. The modified pixels may be included in modifiedcommunications content 102′ which may be provided to thecontent-receiving participant 109. Upon receipt of the modifiedcommunications content 102′, the deceptive indicia masking detectionmodule 134 may analyze the modified communications content 102′ forevidence that one or more pixels associated with the movement of theeyes of the content-generating participant 103 have been modified. Forexample, the deceptive indicia masking detection module 134 may detectincongruities between the location of the eyes of content-generatingparticipant 103 between sequential frames of video content of themodified communications content 102′. Such incongruities betweensequential may be indicative of a replacement of one or more framesassociated with the eyes of the content-generating participant 103 so asto reduce the apparent movement of the eyes of the content-generatingparticipant 103.

In another exemplary embodiment, the communications content capturedevice 101 may image the movement of one or more blood vessels (e.g. theexternal carotid artery, external jugular vein, superficial temporalartery, etc.) of the content-generating participant 103. The deceptiveindicia detection module 113. The deceptive indicia masking module 126may modify the communications content 102 to alter the apparent timingof the movements of the blood vessel of the content-generatingparticipant 103. Specifically, the deceptive indicia masking module 126may replace pixels representative of the blood vessel of thecontent-generating participant 103 which reflect an excessive heart ratewith pixels representative of the blood vessel of the content-generatingparticipant 103 which do not reflect such an excessive heart rate. Uponreceipt of the modified communications content 102′, the deceptiveindicia masking detection module 134 may analyze the modifiedcommunications content 102′ for evidence that one or more pixelsassociated with the heart rate of the content-generating participant 103have been modified. For example, the deceptive indicia masking detectionmodule 134 may detect incongruities between the locations of the bloodvessels of content-generating participant 103 between sequential framesof video content of the modified communications content 102′. Suchincongruities between sequential frames may be indicative of areplacement of one or more frames associated with the blood vessel ofthe content-generating participant 103 so as to reduce the apparentheart rate of the content-generating participant 103.

In another exemplary embodiment, the communications content capturedevice 101 may image the size of one or more blood vessels (e.g. theexternal carotid artery, external jugular vein, superficial temporalartery, etc.) of the content-generating participant 103. The deceptiveindicia detection module 113. The deceptive indicia masking module 126may modify the communications content 102 to reduce the apparent size ofthe blood vessel of the content-generating participant 103.Specifically, the deceptive indicia masking module 126 may replacepixels representative of the blood vessel of the content-generatingparticipant 103 which reflect an excessive heart rate with pixelsrepresentative of the blood vessel of the content-generating participant103 which do not reflect such an excessive blood pressure. Upon receiptof the modified communications content 102′, the deceptive indiciamasking detection module 134 may analyze the modified communicationscontent 102′ for evidence that one or more pixels associated with theblood pressure of the content-generating participant 103 have beenmodified. For example, the deceptive indicia masking detection module134 may detect incongruities between the locations of the blood vesselsof content-generating participant 103 between sequential frames of videocontent of the modified communications content 102′. Such incongruitiesbetween sequential frames may be indicative of a replacement of one ormore frames associated with the blood vessel of the content-generatingparticipant 103 so as to reduce the apparent blood pressure of thecontent-generating participant 103.

In another exemplary embodiment, the communications content capturedevice 101 may image the skin surface and detect the locations of one ormore skin surface features, such as perspiration pores. The deceptiveindicia masking module 126 may modify the communications content 102 toreduce the apparent size of the perspiration pores and/or perspirationdroplets of the content-generating participant 103. Specifically, thedeceptive indicia masking module 126 may replace pixels representativeof the perspiration pores and/or perspiration droplets of thecontent-generating participant 103 which reflect excessive perspirationwith pixels representative of the perspiration pores or perspirationdroplets of the content-generating participant 103 which do not reflectsuch excessive perspiration. Upon receipt of the modified communicationscontent 102′, the deceptive indicia masking detection module 134 mayanalyze the modified communications content 102′ for evidence that oneor more pixels associated with the perspiration pores and/orperspiration droplets of the content-generating participant 103 havebeen modified. For example, the deceptive indicia masking detectionmodule 134 may detect incongruities between the locations of theperspiration pores and/or perspiration droplets of content-generatingparticipant 103 between sequential frames of video content of themodified communications content 102′. Such incongruities betweensequential frames may be indicative of a replacement of one or moreframes associated with the perspiration pores and/or perspirationdroplets of the content-generating participant 103 so as to reduce theapparent perspiration level of the content-generating participant 103.

In another exemplary embodiment, the communications content capturedevice 101 may image locations of one or more bodily features. Thedeceptive indicia masking module 126 may modify the communicationscontent 102 to reduce the apparent breathing rate of thecontent-generating participant 103. Specifically, the deceptive indiciamasking module 126 may replace pixels representative of the movement ofthe chest and/or shoulders of the content-generating participant 103which reflect excessive breathing with pixels representative of themovement of the chest and/or shoulders of the content-generatingparticipant 103 which do not reflect such excessive breathing. Uponreceipt of the modified communications content 102′, the deceptiveindicia masking detection module 134 may analyze the modifiedcommunications content 102′ for evidence that one or more pixelsassociated with the breathing of the content-generating participant 103have been modified. For example, the deceptive indicia masking detectionmodule 134 may detect incongruities between the locations of the chestand/or shoulders of content-generating participant 103 betweensequential frames of video content of the modified communicationscontent 102′. Such incongruities between sequential frames may beindicative of a replacement of one or more frames associated with thechest and/or shoulders of the content-generating participant 103 so asto reduce the apparent breathing rate of the content-generatingparticipant 103.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia masking module126 may modify the communications content 102 to reduce the apparentmicro expression of the content-generating participant 103.Specifically, the deceptive indicia masking module 126 may replacepixels representative of the movement of the eyes, mouth, or otherfacial features of the content-generating participant 103 over athreshold duration of time which reflect a micro expression with pixelsrepresentative of the movement of the eyes, mouth, or other facialfeatures of the content-generating participant 103 which do not reflectsuch a micro expression. Upon receipt of the modified communicationscontent 102′, the deceptive indicia masking detection module 134 mayanalyze the modified communications content 102′ for evidence that oneor more pixels associated with the movement of the eyes, mouth, or otherfacial features of the content-generating participant 103 have beenmodified. For example, the deceptive indicia masking detection module134 may detect incongruities between the locations of the movement ofthe eyes, mouth, or other facial features of content-generatingparticipant 103 between sequential frames of video content of themodified communications content 102′. Such incongruities betweensequential frames may be indicative of a replacement of one or moreframes associated with the movement of the eyes, mouth, or other facialfeatures of the content-generating participant 103 so as to reduce theappearance of micro expressions of the content-generating participant103.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia masking module126 may modify the communications content 102 to reduce the apparentvoice stress of the content-generating participant 103 by altering theapparent speaking rate, volume, voice tremor, spacing between syllables,and fundamental pitch or frequency of the voice of thecontent-generating participant 103. Specifically, the deceptive indiciamasking module 126 may introduce delay or apply one or more filters tothe voice content of the content-generating participant 103 whichreflect voice-changes occurring as a result of stress associated withproviding deceptive content with voice content of the content-generatingparticipant 103 which do not reflect such voice-changes occurring as aresult of stress associated with providing deceptive content. Uponreceipt of the modified communications content 102′, the deceptiveindicia masking detection module 134 may analyze the modifiedcommunications content 102′ for evidence that one or more segments ofthe audio content from the content-generating participant 103 have beenmodified. For example, the deceptive indicia masking detection module134 may detect incongruities between the timing of audio content andvideo content of the modified communications content 102′ (e.g.movements of the mouth of the content-generating participant 103 in thevideo content do not match the simultaneous audio content. Suchincongruities between the timing of audio content and video content ofthe modified communications content 102′ may be indicative of areplacement of audio content of the content-generating participant 103so as to reduce the appearance of micro expressions of thecontent-generating participant 103.

In another exemplary embodiment, various language constructs may beassociated with the truth or falsity of speech content. For example, theuse of formal or “distance” language may be indicative of deception inspeech content. Examples of formal or “distance” language may includebut are not limited to, usage of a multi-syllable versions of synonymouswords (e.g. “exceptional” vs. “great”), avoidance of contractions (e.g.“cannot” instead of “can't”), impersonal pronoun usage (e.g. “one mightthink . . . ” instead of “you might think . . . ”), avoidance ofcommencing a sentence with a conjunction (e.g. “But I thought . . . ”),lack of antecedent basis for an article (“A man approached me andpointed a gun at me. He stuck the gun in my ribs and forced me into thecar” where no prior reference to “a car” had been made), and the like.The deceptive indicia masking module 126 may modify the communicationscontent 102 to alter the language presented by of the content-generatingparticipant 103. Specifically, the deceptive indicia masking module 126may replace language content of the content-generating participant 103which reflect formal language with language content of thecontent-generating participant 103 which do not reflect such formallanguage by substituting one or more pre-recorded audio files which donot contain the formal language for the portions of the communicationscontent 102 that do contain the formal language. Upon receipt of themodified communications content 102′, the deceptive indicia maskingdetection module 134 may analyze the modified communications content102′ for evidence that one or more segments of the audio content fromthe content-generating participant 103 have been modified. For example,the deceptive indicia masking detection module 134 may detect that aportion of the modified communications content 102′ has a frequency,pitch, volume, amplitude different than that of other portions of themodified communications content 102′. Such audio characteristicdifferences may be indicative of an induced audio characteristicmodification meant to conceal indicia of deception by thecontent-generating participant 103. Such divergent audio characteristicsmay be indicative of a replacement of one or more portions containing anindicia of deception with one or more pre-recorded frames lacking anindicia of deception meant to conceal the indicia of deception by thecontent-generating participant 103. For example, a first portion mayindicate the presence of background audio content (e.g. automobiletraffic) while a second portion directly following the first does notinclude the background audio content.

In another exemplary embodiment, upon the receipt of one or more signalsassociated with a detection of an indicia of a modification in themodified communications content 102′ from the deceptive indicia maskingdetection module 134, the deceptive indicia notification module 128 mayprovide one or more video signals to a display device 110 (e.g. an LCDdisplay) so that a visual indicator 130 associated with the detection ofan indicia of a modification in the modified communications content 102′is presented within a field of view of the content-receiving participant109. As shown in FIG. 3A, the display device 110 may display a videoconferencing interface 120 configured to present audio/video contentfrom the content-generating participant 103 during a communicationinteraction (e.g. at least one of audio and visual communication betweenat least the content-generating participant 103 and content-receivingparticipant 109). The display device 110 may further display the visualindicator 130 (e.g. a color coded indicator) that presents a cumulativenumber of occurrences of detection of an indicia of a modification inthe modified communications content 102′, a rate of occurrences of adetection of an indicia of a modification in the modified communicationscontent 102′, and the like. The visual indicator 130 may be a dynamicindicator that changes (e.g. moves from an indicated “high” rate ofindicia of deception to an indicated “low” rate of indicia of deception)in real-time according to the type and/or amount of detection of indiciaof modification in the modified communications content 102′.

In another exemplary embodiment, upon the receipt of one or more signalsassociated with a detection of an indicia of a modification in themodified communications content 102′ from the deceptive indicia maskingdetection module 134, the deceptive indicia notification module 128 mayprovide one or more video signals to a display device 110 (e.g. an LCDdisplay) so that a visual indicator 130 associated with the detection ofan indicia of a modification in the modified communications content 102′is presented within a field of view of the content-receiving participant109. As shown in FIG. 3A, the display device 110 may display a videoconferencing interface 120 configured to present audio/video contentfrom the content-generating participant 103 during a communicationinteraction (e.g. at least one of audio and visual communication betweenat least the content-generating participant 103 and content-receivingparticipant 109). The display device 110 may further display the visualindicator 130 (e.g. a color coded indicator) that presents a cumulativenumber of occurrences of detection of an indicia of a modification inthe modified communications content 102′, a rate of occurrences of adetection of an indicia of a modification in the modified communicationscontent 102′, and the like. The visual indicator 130 may be a dynamicindicator that changes (e.g. moves from an indicated “high” rate ofindicia of a modification in the modified communications content 102′ toan indicated “low” rate of indicia of a modification in the modifiedcommunications content 102′) in real-time according to the type and/oramount of detection of indicia of modification in the modifiedcommunications content 102′.

In another exemplary embodiment, upon the receipt of one or more signalsassociated with a detection of an indicia of a modification in themodified communications content 102′ from the deceptive indicia maskingdetection module 134, the deceptive indicia notification module 128 mayprovide one or more video signals to a display device 110 (e.g. an LCDdisplay) so that a visual indicator 130 associated with the detection ofan indicia of a modification in the modified communications content 102′is presented within a field of view of the content-receiving participant109. As shown in FIG. 3A, the display device 110 may display a videoconferencing interface 120 configured to present audio/video contentfrom the content-generating participant 103 during a communicationinteraction (e.g. at least one of audio and visual communication betweenat least the content-generating participant 103 and content-receivingparticipant 109). The display device 110 may further display a visualindicator 130 that presents a cumulative number of occurrences ofdetection of indicia of modification in the modified communicationscontent 102′.

In another exemplary embodiment, upon the receipt of one or more signalsassociated with a detection of an indicia of a modification in themodified communications content 102′ from the deceptive indicia maskingdetection module 134, the deceptive indicia notification module 128 mayprovide one or more video signals to a display device 110 (e.g. an LCDdisplay) so that a visual indicator 130 associated with the detection ofan indicia of a modification in the modified communications content 102′is presented within a field of view of the content-receiving participant109. As shown in FIG. 3A, the display device 110 may display a videoconferencing interface 120 configured to present audio/video contentfrom the content-generating participant 103 during a communicationinteraction (e.g. at least one of audio and visual communication betweenat least the content-generating participant 103 and content-receivingparticipant 109). The display device 110 may further display a visualindicator 130 that presents a rate of occurrences of detection ofindicia of modification in the modified communications content 102′.

In another exemplary embodiment, upon the receipt of one or more signalsassociated with the detection of an indicia of a modification in themodified communications content 102′ from the deceptive indicia maskingdetection module 134, the deceptive indicia notification module 128 mayprovide one or more video signals to a display device 110 (e.g. an LCDdisplay) so that a visual indicator 130 associated with the indicia ofdeception is presented within a field of view of the content-receivingparticipant 109. As shown in FIG. 3A, the display device 110 may displaya video conferencing interface 120 configured to present audio/videocontent from the content-generating participant 103 during acommunication interaction (e.g. at least one of audio and visualcommunication between at least the content-generating participant 103and content-receiving participant 109). The display device 110 maydisplay a color coded visual indicator 130A (e.g. “green” levelindicating a low rate of occurrences of indicia of a modification in themodified communications content 102′, a “yellow” level indicating amoderate rate of occurrences of indicia of a modification in themodified communications content 102′, to a “red” level indicating a highrate of occurrences of indicia of a modification in the modifiedcommunications content 102′). The visual indicator 130A may be a dynamicindicator that changes (e.g. moves from an indicated “high” rate ofindicia of a modification in the modified communications content 102′ toan indicated “low” rate of indicia of a modification in the modifiedcommunications content 102′) in real-time according to the type and/oramount of indicia of a modification in the modified communicationscontent 102′ detected. Alternately, each indicia of a modification inthe modified communications content 102′ type may be represented by aseparate visual indicator 130 having a designated color. For example,indicia of a modification in the modified communications content 102′associated with eye movement of the content-generating participant 103may be represented by a blue visual indicator 130 while indicia of amodification in the modified communications content 102′ associated withformal language may be represented by a green visual indicator 130.

In another exemplary embodiment, upon the receipt of one or more signalsassociated with the detection of an indicia of a modification in themodified communications content 102′ from the deceptive indicia maskingdetection module 134, the deceptive indicia notification module 128 mayprovide one or more audio signals to an audio speaker 111 (e.g. an audiospeaker, headset, earpiece, etc.) that an audio indicator (e.g. anotification sound effect such as a beep, a spoken message, etc.)associated with the detection of an indicia of a modification in themodified communications content 102′ is emitted to the content-receivingparticipant 109.

In another exemplary embodiment, it may be the case that the deceptiveindicia masking detection module 134 and deceptive indicia notificationmodule 128 may perform modification indicia detection and notification(as described above) in a substantially real-time manner during acommunication interaction (e.g. a video conference) between thecontent-generating participant 103 and the content-receiving participant109 to allow the content-receiving participant 109 to monitor thecommunications content 102 for indicia of a modification in the modifiedcommunications content 102′ and account for such indicia of amodification in the modified communications content 102′ in theirconsideration of the veracity of the modified communications content102′ received from the content-generating participant 103.

In another exemplary embodiment, upon completion of a communicationsinteraction, it may be advisable for a content-receiving participant 109to review the modified communications content 102′ and any detectedindicia of modification for education and/or training purposes. During acommunication interaction, the deceptive indicia masking detectionmodule 134 may detect an incidence of an indicia of a modification inthe modified communications content 102′. The deceptive indicia maskingdetection module 134 may store a record associated with the detectedindicia of a modification in the modified communications content 102′ toa deceptive indicia library database 129. Following the communicationsinteraction, one or more portions of the modified communications content102′ may be retrieved from the deceptive indicia library database 129and displayed/broadcasted by the presentation module 108 via a reviewinterface 133. The review interface 133 may include video playbackfunctionality configured to present the modified communications content102′ according to the records associated with the detected indicia ofdeception. The review interface 133 may allow for the content-receivingparticipant 109 to skip to portions of the modified communicationscontent 102′ associated with the records associated with the detectedindicia of a modification in the modified communications content 102′.For example, the review interface 133 may provide a “skip to next” userinterface element whereby a user input associated with the “skip tonext” user interface element causes the review interface 133 todisplay/broadcast the next instance of the modified communicationscontent 102′ having a record associated with a detection of indicia of a

In another exemplary embodiment, upon completion of a communicationsinteraction, it may be advisable for a content-receiving participant 109to review the modified communications content 102′ and any detectedindicia of a modification in the modified communications content 102′for education and/or training purposes. During a communicationinteraction, the deceptive indicia masking detection module 134 maydetect an incidence of indicia of a modification in the modifiedcommunications content 102′. The deceptive indicia masking detectionmodule 134 may record the modified communications content 102′ and applyone or more tags to the recorded modified communications content 102′according to detected occurrences of indicia of a modification in themodified communications content 102′.

In another exemplary embodiment, during a communication interaction, thedeceptive indicia masking detection module 134 may detect indicia of amodification in the modified communications content 102′. The deceptiveindicia masking detection module 134 may sample a portion of themodified communications content 102′ containing the detected incidenceof indicia of a modification in the modified communications content 102′and store an audio/video file containing the sampled portion of themodified communications content 102′ containing the detected incidenceof indicia of a modification in the modified communications content 102′to a deceptive indicia library database 129. The audio/video filecontaining the sampled portion of the modified communications content102′ containing the detected incidence of indicia of a modification inthe modified communications content 102′ may be annotated withinformation regarding the indicia of a modification in the modifiedcommunications content 102′ (e.g. the type of indicia of modification,the degree of modification indicated, etc.) to facilitate review of thedetected indicia of modification.

In another exemplary embodiment, during a communication interaction, thedeceptive indicia masking detection module 134 may detect an incidenceof indicia of a modification in the modified communications content102′. The deceptive indicia masking detection module 134 may record themodified communications content 102′ as an audio/video file and apply agraphical element (e.g. a “flag” icon 132) to the audio/video file at atime associated with the detection of the incidence of indicia of amodification in the modified communications content 102′. The recordedaudio/video file containing the graphical element communications content102 associated with the detected incidence of indicia of a modificationin the modified communications content 102′ may be stored to thedeceptive indicia library database 129.

In another exemplary embodiment, during a communication interaction, thedeceptive indicia masking detection module 134 may detect an incidenceof indicia of a modification in the modified communications content102′. The deceptive indicia detection module 115 may store a time stampassociated with the detected incidence of the indicia of a modificationin the modified communications content 102′ to the deceptive indicialibrary database 129.

In another exemplary embodiment, a content-receiving participant 109 maybe independently aware of an occurrence of indicia of a modification inthe modified communications content 102′ contained in the communicationscontent 102 (e.g. the content-receiving participant 109 knows that thecontent-generating participant 103 has lied about a maximum authorizedpurchase price during a negotiation). In such a case, the communicationscontent receiving system 106 may receive a user input (e.g. a keystroke)via user input device 131 indicative of an occurrence of indicia of amodification in the modified communications content 102′. The deceptiveindicia masking detection module 134 may correlate the occurrence of theuser input to detected indicia of a modification in the modifiedcommunications content 102′ and apply a tag (e.g. an audio/video sample,an insertion of a graphical element, storing a time stamp, etc.) to thecommunications content 102 according to the user input.

Still further, it may be the case that multiple content-receivingparticipants 109 may employ multiple communications content receivingsystems 106 to receive communications content 102 from a commoncontent-generating participant 103. In order to generate a morecomprehensive indicia of deception profile for the content-generatingparticipant 103, the content-receiving participants 109 may aggregatetheir respective indicia of deception data in a deceptive indiciarepository 135 that is commonly accessible by the content-receivingparticipants 109. For example, a communications content receiving system106A and communications content receiving system 106B may be employed bya first content-receiving participant 109A and a secondcontent-receiving participant 109B, respectively, to receivecommunications content 102 from the content-generating participant 103.The communications content receiving system 106A and communicationscontent receiving system 106B may be substantially similar in that thecommunications content receiving system 106B may provide all thefunctionality of communications content receiving system 106A asdescribed herein. Following a communications interaction with thecontent-generating participant 103, the communications content receivingsystem 106A and communications content receiving system 106B may uploadindicia of deception data associated with one or more communicationinteractions with the content-generating participant 103 to thedeceptive indicia repository 135. Further, each communications contentreceiving system 106 may download aggregated indicia of deception dataassociated with multiple communication interactions with thecontent-generating participant 103 and provide that aggregated indiciaof deception data to a content-receiving participant 109 via thepresentation module 108 for review by the content-receiving participant109.

In an exemplary embodiment, the communications content capture device101 may include, but is not limited to, a video capture device (e.g. adigital camera, web cam, teleconferencing camera, etc.), an audiocapture device (e.g. a microphone, telephone), and the like. Thecommunications content 102 received by the communications contentreceiving system 106A from the communications content transmittingsystem 100 during a first communications interaction with thecontent-generating participant 103 may be provided to the deceptiveindicia detection module 115A for analysis of the communications content102 to determine if the communications content 102 represents an indiciaof deception. Upon receipt of communications content 102 received fromthe communications content transmitting system 100, such data may beanalyzed by the deceptive indicia detection module 115A forcorrespondence with one or more defined deceptive indicia thresholdvalues maintained in the deceptive indicia threshold database 127.Exceeding one or more deceptive indicia threshold values may be anindicator that the content-generating participant 103 is presenting oneor more physiological indicators, speech patterns and/or physicalmovements that may be associated with deception in the communicationscontent 102.

In another exemplary embodiment, the communications content capturedevice 101 may include, but is not limited to, a video capture device(e.g. a digital camera, web cam, teleconferencing camera, etc.), anaudio capture device (e.g. a microphone, telephone), and the like. Thecommunications content 102 received by the communications contentreceiving system 106B from the communications content transmittingsystem 100 via the communications module 107 may be provided to thedeceptive indicia detection module 115 for analysis of thecommunications content 102 to determine if the communications content102 represents an indicia of deception. Upon receipt of communicationscontent 102 received from the communications content transmitting system100, such data may be analyzed by the deceptive indicia detection module1158 for correspondence with one or more defined deceptive indiciathreshold values maintained in the deceptive indicia threshold database127. Exceeding one or more deceptive indicia threshold values may be anindicator that the content-generating participant 103 is presenting oneor more physiological indicators, speech patterns and/or physicalmovements that may be associated with deception in the communicationscontent 102.

In another exemplary embodiment, following one or more communicationsinteractions with the content-generating participant 103, the deceptiveindicia detection module 115 may provide indicia of deception data tothe deceptive indicia repository 135 (e.g. a server) maintaining aparticipant database 136. The participant database 136 may include aparticipant profile 137 associated with the content-generatingparticipant 103. The participant profile 137 may include informationassociated with the indicia of deception detected in variouscommunications interactions with the content-generating participant 103.For example, the participant profile 137 may include cumulative and/orexemplary data associated with various types of indicia of deception(e.g. formal language, physical movements, etc.) as well as theirfrequency as detected in communications content 102 provided by thecontent-generating participant 103 during communications interactionswith the content-receiving participant 109A and/or the content-receivingparticipant 109B.

In another exemplary embodiment, the high-resolution camera of thecommunications content capture device 101 may image the facial region ofthe content-generating participant 103. The deceptive indicia detectionmodule 115 may receive signals associated with the image of the facialregion and detect the locations of one or more facial features. Themovements of various facial features (e.g. the eyes and, morespecifically, pupil dilation) may be measured (e.g. pixel counts,reflectivity fluctuations, brightness, color, etc. in the facial regionimage) and monitored for changes over time. Certain brief, involuntaryfacial movements (e.g. “micro-expressions”) may be associated withcertain underlying emotions of the content-generating participant 103.For example, the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) developed by PaulEkman and Wallace Friesen has mapped various facial movements tounderlying emotions. As certain physical movements (e.g. pupil dilation,eye movement, micro-expressions, etc.) may be an indicator of deceptivecommunications content 102, a computed facial movement (e.g. pupildilation) in excess of the deceptive indicia threshold value (e.g.movement duration, movement distance, movement frequency) may bedetected as indicia of deception in the communications content 102.

In another exemplary embodiment, the high-resolution camera of thecommunications content capture device 101 may image the facial region ofthe content-generating participant 103. The deceptive indicia detectionmodule 115 may receive signals associated with the image of the facialregion and detect the locations of one or more facial features. Themovements of various facial features (e.g. the eyes and, morespecifically, pupil dilation) may be measured (e.g. pixel counts,reflectivity fluctuations, brightness, color, etc. in the facial regionimage) and monitored for changes over time.

In another exemplary embodiment, the high-resolution camera may imagethe facial region of the content-generating participant 103. Thedeceptive indicia detection module 115 may receive signals associatedwith the image of the facial region and detect the locations of one ormore facial features. The movements of various facial features (e.g. theeyes and, more specifically, pupil dilation) may be measured (e.g. pixelcounts, reflectivity fluctuations, brightness, color, etc. in the facialregion image) and monitored for changes over time. For example, in thecase of a right-handed person, movement of the eyes to the up and leftmay be indicative of a “constructed” response which may be indicative ofdeception.

In another exemplary embodiment, the high-resolution camera of thecommunications content capture device 101 may externally image one ormore blood vessels of the content-generating participant 103. Thedeceptive indicia detection module 115 may receive signals indicative ofthe blood vessel image and acquire measurements (e.g. pixel counts,reflectivity fluctuations, brightness, color, etc. in the blood vesselimage) representing the various changes in size of the blood vessel overa period of time indicating one or more heart beats. Such measurementsover time may be used to compute a heart rate. The computed heart ratemay be compared to a deceptive indicia threshold value maintained in thedeceptive indicia threshold database 114. As an elevated heart rate maybe an indicator of stress associated with providing deceptivecommunications content 102, a computed heart rate in excess of thedeceptive indicia threshold value may be detected as indicia ofdeception in the communications content 102.

In another exemplary embodiment, the high-resolution camera of thecommunications content capture device 101 may externally image one ormore blood vessels of the content-generating participant 103. Thedeceptive indicia detection module 115 may receive signals indicative ofthe blood vessel image and acquire measurements (e.g. pixel counts,reflectivity fluctuations, brightness, color, etc. in the blood vesselimage) representing the various changes in size of the blood vessel. Thesize of the blood vessel at any given time may be used to compute ablood pressure. As an elevated blood pressure may be an indicator ofstress associated with providing deceptive communications content 102, acomputed blood pressure in excess of the deceptive indicia thresholdvalue may be detected as indicia of deception in the communicationscontent 102.

In another exemplary embodiment, the high-resolution camera of thecommunications content capture device 101 may image the skin surface ofthe content-generating participant 103. The deceptive indicia detectionmodule 115 may receive signals associated with the image of the skinsurface and detect the locations of one or more skin surface features,such as perspiration pores. The size of the perspiration pores and/orthe dimensions of any perspiration droplets emanating from those poresmay be measured (e.g. pixel counts, reflectivity fluctuations,brightness, color, etc in the skin surface image) and monitored forchanges over time. As an elevated level of perspiration may be anindicator of stress associated with providing deceptive communicationscontent 102, a computed perspiration level in excess of the deceptiveindicia threshold value (e.g. a threshold pore or droplet dimension) maybe detected as indicia of deception in the communications content 102.

In another exemplary embodiment, the communications content capturedevice 101 and/or the physiological data capture device 112 may includea high-resolution camera. The high-resolution camera may image the skinsurface of the content-generating participant 103. The deceptive indiciadetection module 115 may receive signals associated with the image ofthe content-generating participant 103 and detect the locations of oneor more bodily features. The relative positions of such bodily featuresmay be measured (e.g. pixel counts in the skin surface image) andmonitored for changes over time. For example, movement of various bodilyfeatures (e.g. the expansion and contraction of the chest cavity,movement of the shoulders, etc.) may be indicative of respiration. As anelevated level of rate of respiration may be an indicator of stressassociated with providing deceptive communications content 102, acomputed breathing rate in excess of the deceptive indicia thresholdvalue (e.g. a breathing rate) may be detected as indicia of deception inthe communications content 102.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia detection module115 may obtain a voice print of speech by the content-generatingparticipant 103. Various types of voice-change may occur as a result ofstress associated with providing deceptive communications content 102.For example, audible perceptible changes may include speaking rate,volume, voice tremor, spacing between syllables, and fundamental pitchor frequency of the voice. Further, inaudible changes may result fromunconscious tensing of the vocal cords resulting in a dampening ofselected frequency variations. When graphically portrayed, thedifference may be readily discernible between unstressed or normalvocalization and vocalization under mild stress, attempts to deceive, oradverse attitudes. Still further, infrasonic, or subsonic, frequencymodulation may be present, in some degree, in both the vocal cord soundsand in the formant sounds (e.g. between 8 and 12 Hz). The speechrecognition engine of the deceptive indicia detection module 115 maydetect the voice print representing communications content 102 andmeasure one or more audio characteristics (e.g. the audio frequency,pitch, volume, amplitude, etc., or stability thereof of portions of thevoice print). An audio characteristic in excess of a deceptive indiciathreshold value for the audio characteristic may be detected as indiciaof deception in the communications content 102.

In another exemplary embodiment, the communications content capturedevice 101 may include a microphone. The microphone may capture speechcontent of the content-generating participant 103. The deceptive indiciadetection module 115 may then analyze the audio signal and detect one ormore characteristics of the audio signal. For example, the deceptiveindicia detection module 115 may include a speech recognition engine fordetecting the speech content of the content-generating participant 103within the communications content 102. Various language constructs maybe associated with the truth or falsity of speech content. For example,the use of formal or “distance” language may be indicative of deceptionin speech content. Examples of formal or “distance” language may includebut are not limited to, usage of a multi-syllable versions of synonymouswords (e.g. “exceptional” vs. “great”), avoidance of contractions (e.g.“cannot” instead of “can't”), impersonal pronoun usage (e.g. “one mightthink . . . ” instead of “you might think . . . ”), avoidance ofcommencing a sentence with a conjunction (e.g. “I thought . . . ”instead of “But I thought . . . ”), lack of antecedent basis for anarticle (“A man approached me and pointed a gun at me. He stuck the gunin my ribs and forced me into the car” where no prior reference to “acar” had been made), and the like. The speech recognition engine of thedeceptive indicia detection module 115 may detect the speech terms usedin the communications content 102 and measure one or more language usageparameters (e.g. the frequency of use of formal language, the proximityof one formal language instance to the next, etc.). A language usageparameter in excess of a deceptive indicia threshold value for thelanguage usage parameter may be detected as indicia of deception in thecommunications content 102.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia repository 135may receive data associated with detected indicia of deception incommunications content 102 provided by the content-generatingparticipant 103 in two or more communications interactions with thecontent-receiving participant 109A and/or the content-receivingparticipant 109B. The indicia of deception data may be aggregated (e.g.combined, summed, grouped, etc.) according to one or more parameters(e.g. indicia type, date of communication interaction, identity of thecontent-receiving participant 109, etc.) The aggregated indicia ofdeception data may be stored to the participant profile 137 associatedwith the content-generating participant 103.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia repository 135may receive data associated with detected indicia of deception incommunications content 102 provided by the content-generatingparticipant 103 in two or more communications interactions with thecontent-receiving participant 109A and/or the content-receivingparticipant 109B. The indicia of deception data may be compared betweenthe two or more communications. For example, indicia of deceptionassociated with the movement of the eyes content-generating participant103 may be detected in a first communications interaction as well as asecond communications interaction. The movement of the eyes of thecontent-generating participant 103 in the first communicationsinteraction may be compared to the move of the eyes of thecontent-generating participant 103 in the second communicationsinteraction. The degree of correspondence between the two detectedindicia of deception may be used to refine a participant profilecharacteristic (e.g. a threshold eye movement distance that constitutesan indicia of deception) for the content-generating participant 103.Specifically, if over a period of time the degree of departure from anormalized model that is characteristic of a particular indicia ofdeception changes, the normalized model and/or the threshold departurerequired for a detection of an indicia of deception may be modifiedaccording to the comparison of indicia of deception data between the twoor more communications.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia repository 135may receive data associated with detected indicia of deception incommunications content 102 provided by the content-generatingparticipant 103 in two or more communications interactions with thecontent-receiving participant 109A and/or the content-receivingparticipant 109B. The indicia of deception data may be averaged betweenthe two or more communications interactions. For example, indicia ofdeception associated with the movement of the eyes content-generatingparticipant 103 may be detected in a first communications interaction aswell as a second communications interaction. The movement of the eyes ofthe content-generating participant 103 in the first communicationsinteraction may be averaged with the movement of the eyes of thecontent-generating participant 103 in the second communicationsinteraction. The average value associated with the respective indicia ofdeception data may be used to refine a participant profilecharacteristic (e.g. a threshold eye movement distance, frequency,direction, etc., that constitutes an indicia of deception) for thecontent-generating participant 103. Specifically, the participantprofile characteristic may be set as the average of two or more indiciaof deception from the two or more communications interactions.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia repository 135may receive data associated with detected indicia of deception incommunications content 102 provided by the content-generatingparticipant 103 in two or more communications interactions with thecontent-receiving participant 109A and/or the content-receivingparticipant 109B. The indicia of deception data may be analyzed todetermine a frequency of a given indicia of deception within thecommunications content 102 provided by the content-generatingparticipant 103 in the two or more communications interactions with thecontent-receiving participant 109A and/or the content-receivingparticipant 109B. For example, the frequency of the use of formallanguage may be detected in a first communications interaction as wellas a second communications interaction. The frequencies may be maynormalized for the length of each communications interaction and anoverall frequency may be computed. This overall frequency may be storedto the participant profile 137 associated with the content-generatingparticipant 103 maintained by the deceptive indicia repository 135.

In another exemplary embodiment, the deceptive indicia repository 135may receive data associated with detected indicia of deception incommunications content 102 provided by the content-generatingparticipant 103 in two or more communications interactions with thecontent-receiving participant 109A and/or the content-receivingparticipant 109B. The indicia of deception data may be analyzed todetermine an exemplary instance of a given indicia of deception withinthe communications content 102 provided by the content-generatingparticipant 103 in the two or more communications interactions with thecontent-receiving participant 109A and/or the content-receivingparticipant 109B. For example, video footage associated with a commonmicro expression presented in each of the two or more communicationsinteractions may be stored to the participant profile 137 associatedwith the content-generating participant 103 maintained by the deceptiveindicia repository 135.

In another exemplary embodiment, in a case where a content-generatingparticipant 103 is presenting one or more indicia of deception (e.g.physiological indicators, speech patterns and/or physical movements), itmay be desirable for the content-receiving participant 109 be made awareof indicia of deception in the communications content 102 so that thecontent-receiving participant 109 may properly account for such indiciain judging the veracity of the communications content 102. As such, thecommunications content receiving system 106 may include a deceptiveindicia notification module 128. The deceptive indicia notificationmodule 128 may receive one or more signals from the deceptive indiciadetection module 115 indicating the presence or absence of deceptiveindicia in communications content 102 being provided to thecontent-receiving participant 109. The presence or absence of deceptiveindicia may be determined by comparing the currently detected indicia ofdeception to stored data associated with one or more indicia ofdeception detected in a prior communications interaction and stored inthe participant profile 137 associated with the content-generatingparticipant 103 maintained by the deceptive indicia repository 135. Upona determination that a currently detected indicia of deceptionsubstantially corresponds to the stored data associated with one or moreindicia of deception detected in a prior communications interaction thedeceptive indicia detection module 115 may provide one or more signalsindicating that the currently detected indicia does or does notcorrespond to the participant profile 137. Upon the receipt of one ormore signals associated with the presence of indicia of deception incommunications content 102 from the deceptive indicia detection module115, the deceptive indicia notification module 128 may, in turn provideone or more signals to a presentation module 108 so that an indicatorassociated with the indicia of deception is presented to thecontent-receiving participants 109.

In another exemplary embodiment, a content-receiving participant 109 mayprovide one or more inputs to user input device 131 to make a selectionof one or more types of indicia of deception of interest associated withthe content-generating participant 103. The deceptive indicianotification module 128 may retrieve stored indicia of deception datamaintained in the participant profile 137 associated with thecontent-generating participant 103 for display on the display device110. For example, a content-receiving participant 109 may desire to viewdetection metrics (e.g. frequency, duration, degree of departure from anormalized model, etc.) associated with of a selected type of indicia ofdeception (e.g. micro expressions) detected in two or morecommunications interactions with the content-generating participant 103.The deceptive indicia notification module 128 may retrieve dataassociated with one or more instances of the selected type of indicia ofdeception (e.g. the frequency of micro expressions in the two or morecommunications interactions) and display data for the content-receivingparticipant 109 on the display device 110.

In another exemplary embodiment, a content-receiving participant 109 mayprovide one or more inputs to user input device 131 to make a selectionof one or more types of indicia of deception of interest associated withthe content-generating participant 103. The deceptive indicianotification module 128 may retrieve stored examples of the indicia ofdeception maintained in the participant profile 137 associated with thecontent-generating participant 103 for display on the display device110. For example, a content-receiving participant 109 may desire to viewone or more instances of a selected type of indicia of deception (e.g.pupil dilation) detected in two or more communications interactions withthe content-generating participant 103. The deceptive indicianotification module 128 may retrieve data associated with one or moreinstances of the selected type of indicia of deception (e.g. videofootage of the micro expressions) and display data for thecontent-receiving participant 109 on the display device 110.

In another exemplary embodiment, upon the receipt of one or more signalsassociated with the presence of indicia of deception in communicationscontent 102 from the deceptive indicia detection module 115 asdetermined according to a comparison with the participant profile 137,the deceptive indicia notification module 128 may provide one or morevideo signals to a display device 110 (e.g. an LCD display) so that avisual indicator 130 associated with the indicia of deception ispresented within a field of view of the content-receiving participant109. As shown in FIG. 3A, the display device 110 may display a videoconferencing interface 120 configured to present audio/video contentfrom the content-generating participant 103 during a communicationinteraction (e.g. at least one of audio and visual communication betweenat least the content-generating participant 103 and content-receivingparticipant 109). The display device 110 may further display the visualindicator 130 (e.g. a color coded indicator) that presents a cumulativenumber of occurrences of indicia of deception in the communicationscontent 102, a rate of occurrences of indicia of deception in thecommunications content 102, and the like. The visual indicator 130 maybe a dynamic indicator that changes (e.g. moves from an indicated “high”rate of indicia of deception to an indicated “low” rate of indicia ofdeception) in real-time according to the type and/or amount of indiciaof deception detected within communications content 102.

In another exemplary embodiment, upon the receipt of one or more signalsassociated with the presence of indicia of deception in communicationscontent 102 from the deceptive indicia detection module 115 asdetermined according to a comparison with the participant profile 137,the deceptive indicia notification module 128 may provide one or moreaudio signals to an audio speaker 111 (e.g. an audio speaker, headset,earpiece, etc.) that an audio indicator (e.g. a notification soundeffect such as a beep, a spoken message, etc.) associated with theindicia of deception is emitted to the content-receiving participant109.

In another exemplary embodiment, it may be the case that the deceptiveindicia detection module 115 and deceptive indicia notification module128 may perform deceptive indicia detection and notification (asdescribed above) in a substantially real-time manner during acommunication interaction (e.g. a video conference) between thecontent-generating participant 103 and the content-receiving participant109 to allow the content-receiving participant 109 to monitor thecommunications content 102 for indicia of deception and account for suchindicia of deception in their consideration of the veracity of thecommunications content 102 received from the content-generatingparticipant 103.

In another exemplary embodiment, upon completion of a communicationsinteraction, it may be advisable for a content-receiving participant 109to review the communications content 102 and any detected indicia ofdeception for education and/or training purposes. During a communicationinteraction, the deceptive indicia detection module 115 may detect anincidence of indicia of deception. The deceptive indicia detectionmodule 115 may store a record associated with the detected indicia ofdeception to a deceptive indicia library database 129. Following thecommunications interaction, one or more portions of the communicationscontent 102 may be retrieved from the deceptive indicia library database129 and displayed/broadcasted by the presentation module 108 via areview interface 133. The review interface 133 may include videoplayback functionality configured to present the communications content102 according to the records associated with the detected indicia ofdeception. The review interface 133 may allow for the content-generatingparticipant 103 to skip to portions of the communications content 102associated with the records associated with the detected indicia ofdeception. For example, the review interface 133 may provide a “skip tonext” user interface element whereby a user input associated with the“skip to next” user interface element causes the review interface 133 todisplay/broadcast the next instance of the communications content 102having a record associated with a detection of indicia of deception.

Still further, it may be the case that a content-generating participant103 may engage in multiple communications interactions with one or morecontent-receiving participants 109. In order to generate a morecomprehensive indicia of deception profile for the content-generatingparticipant 103 to facilitate optimizing deceptive indicia detection incontent generated by the content-generating participant 103, thecommunications content transmitting system 100 may aggregate indicia ofdeception data from multiple communications interactions with one ormore content-receiving participants 109 in the deceptive indicia librarydatabase 123. For example, the content-generating participant 103 mayengage in a first communications interaction with a firstcontent-receiving participant 109A via a first communications contentreceiving system 106A and a second communications interaction with asecond content-receiving participant 109B via a first communicationscontent receiving system 106B. The deceptive indicia detection module113 may detect one or more indicia of deception in both the firstcommunications interaction and the second communications interaction.The data associated with the indicia of deception in both the firstcommunications interaction and the second communications interaction maybe individually stored to a deceptive indicia library database 123.Following the accumulation of two or more samples of data associatedwith the indicia of deception, the deceptive indicia detection module113 may retrieve data associated with the two or more instances of dataassociated with indicia of deception from the deceptive indicia librarydatabase 123 and iteratively optimize a deceptive indicia thresholdvalue associated with the indicia of deception maintained in thedeceptive indicia threshold database 114. For example, the variousinstances of data associated with an indicia of deception may beaveraged or used to determine minimum and maximum variations of theindicia of deception to more closely reflect the indicia of deceptioncharacteristics of the content-generating participant 103. In thismanner, the communications content transmitting system 100 may “learn”based on the indicia of deception data stored to the deceptive indiciathreshold database 114 to further refine deceptive indicia detectionthreshold values used by the deceptive indicia detection module 113 indetection of indicia of deception by the content-generating participant103.

FIG. 4 and the following figures include various examples of operationalflows, discussions and explanations may be provided with respect to theabove-described exemplary environment of FIGS. 1-3B. However, it shouldbe understood that the operational flows may be executed in a number ofother environments and contexts, and/or in modified versions of FIGS.1-3B. In addition, although the various operational flows are presentedin the sequence(s) illustrated, it should be understood that the variousoperations may be performed in different sequential orders other thanthose which are illustrated, or may be performed concurrently.

Further, in the following figures that depict various flow processes,various operations may be depicted in a box-within-a-box manner. Suchdepictions may indicate that an operation in an internal box maycomprise an optional example embodiment of the operational stepillustrated in one or more external boxes. However, it should beunderstood that internal box operations may be viewed as independentoperations separate from any associated external boxes and may beperformed in any sequence with respect to all other illustratedoperations, or may be performed concurrently.

FIG. 4 illustrates an operational procedure 400 for practicing aspectsof the present disclosure including operations 402, 404 and 406.

Operation 402 illustrates detecting one or more indicia of deceptionassociated with one or more signals associated with communicationcontent provided by a participant in a first communications interaction.For example, as shown in FIG. 1, the communications content capturedevice 101 may include, but is not limited to, a video capture device(e.g. a digital camera, web cam, teleconferencing camera, etc.), anaudio capture device (e.g. a microphone, telephone), and the like. Thecommunications content 102 received from the content-generatingparticipant 103 by the communications content capture device 101 of thecommunications content transmitting system 100 during a firstcommunications interaction with a first content-receiving participant109A may be provided to the deceptive indicia detection module 115 foranalysis of the communications content 102 to determine if thecommunications content 102 represents an indicia of deception. Uponreceipt of communications content 102, such data may be analyzed by thedeceptive indicia detection module 115 for correspondence with one ormore defined deceptive indicia threshold values maintained in thedeceptive indicia threshold database 127. Exceeding one or moredeceptive indicia threshold values may be an indicator that thecontent-generating participant 103 is presenting one or morephysiological indicators, speech patterns and/or physical movements thatmay be associated with deception in the communications content 102. Dataindicative of a detection of such indicia of deception may be stored toa participant profile 137 in the participant database 136.

Operation 404 illustrates detecting one or more indicia of deceptionassociated with one or more signals associated with communicationscontent provided by the participant in a second communicationsinteraction. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, the communications contentcapture device 101 may include, but is not limited to, a video capturedevice (e.g. a digital camera, web cam, teleconferencing camera, etc.),an audio capture device (e.g. a microphone, telephone), and the like.The communications content 102 received from the content-generatingparticipant 103 by the communications content capture device 101 of thecommunications content transmitting system 100 during a secondcommunications interaction with a second content-receiving participant109B may be provided to the deceptive indicia detection module 115 foranalysis of the communications content 102 to determine if thecommunications content 102 represents an indicia of deception. Uponreceipt of communications content 102, such data may be analyzed by thedeceptive indicia detection module 115 for correspondence with one ormore defined deceptive indicia threshold values maintained in thedeceptive indicia threshold database 127. Exceeding one or moredeceptive indicia threshold values may be an indicator that thecontent-generating participant 103 is presenting one or morephysiological indicators, speech patterns and/or physical movements thatmay be associated with deception in the communications content 102. Dataindicative of a detection of such indicia of deception may be stored tothe participant profile 137 in the participant database 136 tosupplement the data stored to the participant profile 137 in response toprior communication interactions involving the content-generatingparticipant 103.

Operation 406 illustrates generating a deceptive indicia profile for theparticipant according to indicia of deception detected in thecommunications content provided by the participant in the firstcommunications interaction and indicia of deception detected in thecommunications content provided by the participant in the secondcommunications interaction. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, followingtwo or more communications interactions by the content-generatingparticipant 103, the deceptive indicia detection module 115 may retrieveindicia of deception data associated with at least the first and secondcommunications interactions with the content-receiving participant 109Aand/or the content-receiving participant 109B from the deceptive indiciarepository 135. The deceptive indicia detection module 115 may analyzethe various instances of indicia of deception data associated with thecontent-generating participant 103 to generate a participant profile 137for the content-generating participant 103. For example, the participantprofile 137 may include averaged, cumulative and/or exemplary dataassociated with various types of indicia of deception (e.g. formallanguage, physical movements, etc.) as well as their frequency asdetected in communications content 102 provided by thecontent-generating participant 103 during multiple communicationsinteractions with the content-receiving participant 109A and/or thecontent-receiving participant 109B.

Operation 408 depicts providing a notification associated with thedeceptive indicia profile for the participant to a second participant ina communications interaction with the participant. For example, as shownin FIGS. 1 and 3A-3B, in a case where a content-generating participant103 is presenting one or more indicia of deception (e.g. physiologicalindicators, speech patterns and/or physical movements), it may bedesirable for the content-receiving participant 109 to be made aware ofsuch indicia of deception so that the content-receiving participant 109may account for such deception in considering the veracity of thecommunications content 102.

As such, the communications content receiving system 106 may include adeceptive indicia notification module 128. The deceptive indicianotification module 128 may receive one or more signals from thedeceptive indicia detection module 115 indicating the presence orabsence of deceptive indicia in communications content 102 beingprovided to the content-receiving participant 109. The presence orabsence of deceptive indicia may be determined by comparing thecurrently detected indicia of deception to stored data associated withone or more indicia of deception detected in a prior communicationsinteraction and stored in the participant profile 137 associated withthe content-generating participant 103 maintained by the deceptiveindicia repository 135. Upon a determination that a currently detectedindicia of deception substantially corresponds to the stored participantprofile 137 computed from two or more a prior communicationinteractions, the deceptive indicia detection module 115 may provide oneor more signals indicating that the currently detected indicia does ordoes not correspond to the participant profile 137. Upon the receipt ofone or more signals associated with the presence of indicia of deceptionin communications content 102 from the deceptive indicia detectionmodule 115, the deceptive indicia notification module 128 may, in turnprovide one or more signals to a presentation module 108 so that anindicator associated with the indicia of deception corresponding to theparticipant profile 137 associated with the content-generatingparticipant 103 maintained by the participant database 136 is presentedto the content-receiving participants 109.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example embodiment where the operations 402 and/or404 of example operational flow 400 of FIG. 4 may include at least oneadditional operation. Additional operations may include an operation502, 504 and/or 506.

Operation 502 illustrates detecting one or more micro expressions of thefirst participant providing the communication content. For example, asshown in FIG. 1, the high-resolution camera of the communicationscontent capture device 101 may image the facial region of thecontent-generating participant 103. The deceptive indicia detectionmodule 115 may receive signals associated with the image of the facialregion and detect the locations of one or more facial features. Themovements of various facial features (e.g. the eyes and, morespecifically, pupil dilation) may be measured (e.g. pixel counts,reflectivity fluctuations, brightness, color, etc. in the facial regionimage) and monitored for changes over time. Certain brief, involuntaryfacial movements (e.g. “micro-expressions”) may be associated withcertain underlying emotions of the content-generating participant 103.For example, the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) developed by PaulEkman and Wallace Friesen has mapped various facial movements tounderlying emotions. As certain physical movements (e.g. pupil dilation,eye movement, micro-expressions, etc.) may be an indicator of deceptivecommunications content 102, a computed facial movement (e.g. pupildilation) in excess of the deceptive indicia threshold value (e.g.movement duration, movement distance, movement frequency) may bedetected as indicia of deception in the communications content 102.

Operation 504 illustrates detecting an eye dilation of the firstparticipant providing the communication content. For example, as shownin FIG. 1, the high-resolution camera of the communications contentcapture device 101 may image the facial region of the content-generatingparticipant 103. The deceptive indicia detection module 115 may receivesignals associated with the image of the facial region and detect thelocations of one or more facial features. The movements of variousfacial features (e.g. the eyes and, more specifically, pupil dilation)may be measured (e.g. pixel counts, reflectivity fluctuations,brightness, color, etc. in the facial region image) and monitored forchanges over time.

Operation 506 illustrates detecting an eye movement of the firstparticipant providing the communication content. For example, as shownin FIG. 1, the high-resolution camera may image the facial region of thecontent-generating participant 103. The deceptive indicia detectionmodule 115 may receive signals associated with the image of the facialregion and detect the locations of one or more facial features. Themovements of various facial features (e.g. the eyes and, morespecifically, pupil dilation) may be measured (e.g. pixel counts,reflectivity fluctuations, brightness, color, etc. in the facial regionimage) and monitored for changes over time. For example, in the case ofa right-handed person, movement of the eyes to the up and left may beindicative of a “constructed” response which may be indicative ofdeception.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example embodiment where the operations 402 and/or404 of example operational flow 400 of FIG. 4 may include at least oneadditional operation. Additional operations may include an operation602, 604, 606 and/or 608.

Operation 602 illustrates detecting a heart rate of the firstparticipant providing the communication content. For example, as shownin FIG. 1, the high-resolution camera of the communications contentcapture device 101 may externally image one or more blood vessels of thecontent-generating participant 103. The deceptive indicia detectionmodule 115 may receive signals indicative of the blood vessel image andacquire measurements (e.g. pixel counts, reflectivity fluctuations,brightness, color, etc. in the blood vessel image) representing thevarious changes in size of the blood vessel over a period of timeindicating one or more heart beats. Such measurements over time may beused to compute a heart rate. The computed heart rate may be compared toa deceptive indicia threshold value maintained in deceptive indicialibrary database 129. As an elevated heart rate may be an indicator ofstress associated with providing deceptive communications content 102, acomputed heart rate in excess of the deceptive indicia threshold valuemay be detected as indicia of deception in the communications content102.

Operation 604 illustrates detecting a blood pressure of the firstparticipant providing the communication content. For example, as shownin FIG. 1, the high-resolution camera of the communications contentcapture device 101 may externally image one or more blood vessels of thecontent-generating participant 103. The deceptive indicia detectionmodule 115 may receive signals indicative of the blood vessel image andacquire measurements (e.g. pixel counts, reflectivity fluctuations,brightness, color, etc. in the blood vessel image) representing thevarious changes in size of the blood vessel. The size of the bloodvessel at any given time may be used to compute a blood pressure. As anelevated blood pressure may be an indicator of stress associated withproviding deceptive communications content 102, a computed bloodpressure in excess of the deceptive indicia threshold value may bedetected as indicia of deception in the communications content 102.

Operation 606 illustrates detecting a perspiration level of the firstparticipant providing the communication content. For example, as shownin FIG. 1, the high-resolution camera of the communications contentcapture device 101 may image the skin surface of the content-generatingparticipant 103. The deceptive indicia detection module 115 may receivesignals associated with the image of the skin surface and detect thelocations of one or more skin surface features, such as perspirationpores. The size of the perspiration pores and/or the dimensions of anyperspiration droplets emanating from those pores may be measured (e.g.pixel counts, reflectivity fluctuations, brightness, color, etc in theskin surface image) and monitored for changes over time. As an elevatedlevel of perspiration may be an indicator of stress associated withproviding deceptive communications content 102, a computed perspirationlevel in excess of the deceptive indicia threshold value (e.g. athreshold pore or droplet dimension) may be detected as indicia ofdeception in the communications content 102.

Operation 608 illustrates detecting a breathing rate of the firstparticipant providing the communication content. For example, as shownin FIG. 1, the communications content capture device 101 and/or thephysiological data capture device 112 may include a high-resolutioncamera. The high-resolution camera may image the skin surface of thecontent-generating participant 103. The deceptive indicia detectionmodule 115 may receive signals associated with the image of thecontent-generating participant 103 and detect the locations of one ormore bodily features. The relative positions of such bodily features maybe measured (e.g. pixel counts in the skin surface image) and monitoredfor changes over time. For example, movement of various bodily features(e.g. the expansion and contraction of the chest cavity, movement of theshoulders, etc.) may be indicative of respiration. As an elevated levelof rate of respiration may be an indicator of stress associated withproviding deceptive communications content 102, a computed breathingrate in excess of the deceptive indicia threshold value (e.g. abreathing rate) may be detected as indicia of deception in thecommunications content 102.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example embodiment where the operations 402 and/or404 of example operational flow 400 of FIG. 4 may include at least oneadditional operation. Additional operations may include an operation 702and/or 704.

Operation 702 illustrates detecting voice stress of the firstparticipant providing the communication content. For example, as shownin FIG. 1, the deceptive indicia detection module 115 may obtain a voiceprint of speech by the content-generating participant 103. Various typesof voice-change may occur as a result of stress associated withproviding deceptive communications content 102. For example, audibleperceptible changes may include speaking rate, volume, voice tremor,spacing between syllables, and fundamental pitch or frequency of thevoice. Further, inaudible changes may result from unconscious tensing ofthe vocal cords resulting in a dampening of selected frequencyvariations. When graphically portrayed, the difference may be readilydiscernible between unstressed or normal vocalization and vocalizationunder mild stress, attempts to deceive, or adverse attitudes. Stillfurther, infrasonic, or subsonic, frequency modulation may be present,in some degree, in both the vocal cord sounds and in the formant sounds(e.g. between 8 and 12 Hz). The speech recognition engine of thedeceptive indicia detection module 115 may detect the voice printrepresenting communications content 102 and measure one or more audiocharacteristics (e.g. the audio frequency, pitch, volume, amplitude,etc., or stability thereof of portions of the voice print). An audiocharacteristic in excess of a deceptive indicia threshold value for theaudio characteristic may be detected as indicia of deception in thecommunications content 102.

Operation 704 illustrates detecting characteristic language within thecommunication content. For example, the communications content capturedevice 101 may include a microphone. The microphone may capture speechcontent of the content-generating participant 103. The deceptive indiciadetection module 115 may then analyze the audio signal and detect one ormore characteristics of the audio signal. For example, the deceptiveindicia detection module 113 may include a speech recognition engine fordetecting the speech content of the content-generating participant 103within the communications content 102. Various language constructs maybe associated with the truth or falsity of speech content. For example,the use of formal or “distance” language may be indicative of deceptionin speech content. Examples of formal or “distance” language may includebut are not limited to, usage of a multi-syllable versions of synonymouswords (e.g. “exceptional” vs. “great”), avoidance of contractions (e.g.“cannot” instead of “can't”), impersonal pronoun usage (e.g. “one mightthink . . . ” instead of “you might think . . . ”), avoidance ofcommencing a sentence with a conjunction (e.g. “I thought . . . ”instead of “But I thought . . . ”), lack of antecedent basis for anarticle (“A man approached me and pointed a gun at me. He stuck the gunin my ribs and forced me into the car” where no prior reference to “acar” had been made), and the like. The speech recognition engine of thedeceptive indicia detection module 115 may detect the speech terms usedin the communications content 102 and measure one or more language usageparameters (e.g. the frequency of use of formal language, the proximityof one formal language instance to the next, etc.). A language usageparameter in excess of a deceptive indicia threshold value for thelanguage usage parameter may be detected as indicia of deception in thecommunications content 102.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example embodiment where the operations 406 ofexample operational flow 400 of FIG. 4 may include at least oneadditional operation. Additional operations may include an operation802, 804 and/or 806.

Operation 802 illustrates aggregating indicia of deception detected inthe communications content provided by the participant in the firstcommunications interaction and indicia of deception detected in thecommunications content provided by the participant in the secondcommunications interaction. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, thedeceptive indicia detection module 115 may receive data associated withdetected indicia of deception in communications content 102 provided bythe content-generating participant 103 and/or retrieve data associatedwith detected indicia of deception in communications content 102previously provided by the content-generating participant 103 andmaintained in the deceptive indicia repository 135. The indicia ofdeception data may be aggregated (e.g. combined, summed, grouped, etc.)according to one or more parameters (e.g. indicia type, date ofcommunication interaction, identity of the content-receiving participant109, etc.) The aggregated indicia of deception data may be stored as aparticipant profile 137 associated with the content-generatingparticipant 103 and used to refine the deceptive indicia thresholdassociated with the content-generating participant 103 and maintained inthe deceptive indicia threshold database 127.

Operation 804 illustrates comparing indicia of deception detected in thecommunications content provided by the participant in the firstcommunications interaction and indicia of deception detected in thecommunications content provided by the participant in the secondcommunications interaction. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, thedeceptive indicia detection module 115 may receive data associated withdetected indicia of deception in communications content 102 provided bythe content-generating participant 103 and/or retrieve data associatedwith detected indicia of deception in communications content 102previously provided by the content-generating participant 103 andmaintained in the deceptive indicia repository 135. The indicia ofdeception data may be compared between the two or more communicationsinteractions involving the content-generating participant 103. Forexample, indicia of deception associated with the movement of the eyescontent-generating participant 103 may be detected in a firstcommunications interaction as well as a second communicationsinteraction. The movement of the eyes of the content-generatingparticipant 103 in the first communications interaction may be comparedto the move of the eyes of the content-generating participant 103 in thesecond communications interaction. The degree of correspondence betweenthe two detected indicia of deception may be used to refine aparticipant profile characteristic (e.g. a threshold eye movementdistance that constitutes an indicia of deception) for thecontent-generating participant 103. Specifically, if over a period oftime the degree of departure from a normalized model that ischaracteristic of a particular indicia of deception changes, thenormalized model and/or the threshold departure required for a detectionof an indicia of deception may be modified according to the comparisonof indicia of deception data between the two or more communications.

Operation 806 illustrates averaging indicia of deception detected in thecommunications content provided by the participant in the firstcommunications interaction and indicia of deception detected in thecommunications content provided by the participant in the secondcommunications interaction. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, thedeceptive indicia detection module 115 may receive data associated withdetected indicia of deception in communications content 102 provided bythe content-generating participant 103 and/or retrieve data associatedwith detected indicia of deception in communications content 102previously provided by the content-generating participant 103 andmaintained in the deceptive indicia repository 135. The indicia ofdeception data may be averaged between the two or more communicationsinteractions involving the content-generating participant 103. Forexample, indicia of deception associated with the movement of the eyescontent-generating participant 103 may be detected in a firstcommunications interaction as well as a second communicationsinteraction. The movement of the eyes of the content-generatingparticipant 103 in the first communications interaction may be averagedwith the movement of the eyes of the content-generating participant 103in the second communications interaction. The average value associatedwith the respective indicia of deception data may be used to refine aparticipant profile characteristic (e.g. a threshold eye movementdistance, frequency, direction, etc., that constitutes an indicia ofdeception) for the content-generating participant 103. Specifically, theparticipant profile characteristic may be set as the average of two ormore indicia of deception from the two or more communicationsinteractions.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example embodiment where the operations 406 ofexample operational flow 400 of FIG. 4 may include at least oneadditional operation. Additional operations may include an operation 902and/or 904.

Operation 902 depicts generating a deceptive indicia profile for theparticipant according to frequency of indicia of deception detected inthe communications content provided by the participant in the firstcommunications interaction and indicia of deception detected in thecommunications content provided by the participant in the secondcommunications interaction. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, thedeceptive indicia detection module 115 may receive data associated withdetected indicia of deception in communications content 102 provided bythe content-generating participant 103 and/or retrieve data associatedwith detected indicia of deception in communications content 102previously provided by the content-generating participant 103 andmaintained in the deceptive indicia repository 135. The indicia ofdeception data may be analyzed to determine a frequency of a givenindicia of deception within the communications content 102 provided bythe content-generating participant 103 in the two or more communicationsinteractions involving the content-generating participant 103. Forexample, the frequency of the use of formal language may be detected ina first communications interaction as well as a second communicationsinteraction. The frequencies may be may normalized for the length ofeach communications interaction and an overall frequency may becomputed. This overall frequency may be stored to the participantprofile 137 associated with the content-generating participant 103maintained by the participant database 136.

Operation 904 depicts generating a deceptive indicia profile includingstored examples of indicia of deception detected in the communicationscontent provided by the participant in the first communicationsinteraction and indicia of deception detected in the communicationscontent provided by the participant in the second communicationsinteraction. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, the deceptive indiciadetection module 115 may receive data associated with detected indiciaof deception in communications content 102 provided by thecontent-generating participant 103 and/or retrieve data associated withdetected indicia of deception in communications content 102 previouslyprovided by the content-generating participant 103 and maintained in thedeceptive indicia repository 135. The indicia of deception data may beanalyzed to determine an exemplary instance of a given indicia ofdeception within the communications content 102 provided by thecontent-generating participant 103 in the two or more communicationsinteractions involving the content-generating participant 103. Forexample, video footage associated with a common micro expressionpresented in each of the two or more communications interactions may bestored to the participant profile 137 associated with thecontent-generating participant 103 maintained by the participantdatabase 136.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example embodiment where the operation 408 ofexample operational flow 400 of FIG. 4 may include at least oneadditional operation. Additional operations may include an operation1002 and/or 1004.

Operation 1002 depicts providing a notification associated with a typeof indicia of deception detected in communication content provided bythe first participant in the first communication interaction and thesecond communication interaction. For example, as shown in FIGS. 1 and3A-3B, a content-receiving participant 109 may provide one or moreinputs to user input device 131 to make a selection of one or more typesof indicia of deception of interest associated with thecontent-generating participant 103. The deceptive indicia notificationmodule 128 may retrieve stored indicia of deception data maintained inthe participant profile 137 associated with the content-generatingparticipant 103 for display on the display device 110. For example, acontent-receiving participant 109 may desire to view detection metrics(e.g. frequency, duration, degree of departure from a normalized model,etc.) associated with of a selected type of indicia of deception (e.g.micro expressions) detected in two or more communications interactionswith a content-generating participant 103. The deceptive indicianotification module 128 may retrieve data associated with one or moreinstances of the selected type of indicia of deception (e.g. thefrequency of micro expressions in the two or more communicationsinteractions) from the participant profile 137 and display data for thecontent-generating participant 103 on the display device 110.

Operation 1004 depicts providing a stored example of a type of indiciaof deception detected in communication content provided by the firstparticipant in at least one of the first communication interaction andthe second communication interaction. For example as shown in FIGS. 1and 3A-3B, a content-receiving participant 109 may provide one or moreinputs to user input device 131 to make a selection of one or more typesof indicia of deception of interest associated with thecontent-receiving participant 109. The deceptive indicia notificationmodule 128 may retrieve stored examples of the indicia of deceptionmaintained in the participant profile 137 associated with thecontent-generating participant 103 for display on the display device110. For example, a content-receiving participant 109 may desire to viewone or more instances of a selected type of indicia of deception (e.g.micro expressions) detected in two or more communications interactionswith the content-generating participant 103. The deceptive indicianotification module 128 may retrieve data associated with one or moreinstances of the selected type of indicia of deception (e.g. videofootage of the micro expressions) and display data for thecontent-generating participant 103 on the display device 110.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example embodiment where the operation 408 ofexample operational flow 400 of FIG. 4 may include at least oneadditional operation. Additional operations may include an operation1102, 1104, 1106 and/or 1108.

Operation 1102 depicts displaying a visual indicator associated with thedeceptive indicia profile for the participant within a field of view ofthe second participant. For example, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 3A-3B, uponthe receipt of one or more signals associated with the presence ofindicia of deception in communications content 102 from the deceptiveindicia detection module 115 as determined according to a comparisonwith the participant profile 137, the deceptive indicia notificationmodule 128 may provide one or more video signals to a display device 110(e.g. an LCD display) so that a visual indicator 130 associated with theindicia of deception is presented within a field of view of thecontent-receiving participant 109. As shown in FIG. 3A, the displaydevice 110 may display a video conferencing interface 120 configured topresent audio/video content from the content-generating participant 103during a communication interaction (e.g. at least one of audio andvisual communication between at least the content-generating participant103 and content-receiving participant 109). The display device 110 mayfurther display a visual indicator 130 (e.g. a color coded indicator)that presents a cumulative number of occurrences of indicia of deceptionin the communications content 102, a rate of occurrences of indicia ofdeception in the communications content 102, and the like. The visualindicator 130 may be a dynamic indicator that changes (e.g. moves froman indicated “high” rate of indicia of deception to an indicated “low”rate of indicia of deception) in real-time according to the type and/oramount of indicia of deception detected within communications content102.

Operation 1104 illustrates emitting an audible notification associatedwith the deceptive indicia profile for the participant to the secondparticipant. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, upon the receipt of one ormore signals associated with the presence of indicia of deception incommunications content 102 from the deceptive indicia detection module115 as determined according to a comparison with the participant profile137, the deceptive indicia notification module 128 may provide one ormore audio signals to an audio speaker 111 (e.g. an audio speaker,headset, earpiece, etc.) that an audio indicator (e.g. a notificationsound effect such as a beep, a spoken message, etc.) associated with theindicia of deception is emitted to the content-receiving participant109.

Operation 1106 illustrates providing a notification associated with thedeceptive indicia profile for the participant to the second participantduring a communication interaction. For example, as shown in FIGS. 1 and3A, it may be the case that the deceptive indicia detection module 115and deceptive indicia notification module 128 may perform deceptiveindicia detection and notification (as described above) in asubstantially real-time manner during a communication interaction (e.g.a video conference) between the content-generating participant 103 andthe content-receiving participant 109 to allow the content-receivingparticipant 109 to monitor the communications content 102 for indicia ofdeception and account for such indicia of deception in theirconsideration of the veracity of the communications content 102 receivedfrom the content-generating participant 103.

Operation 1108 illustrates providing a notification associated with thedeceptive indicia profile for the participant to the second participantfollowing a communication interaction. For example, as shown in FIGS. 1and 3B, upon completion of a communications interaction, it may beadvisable for a content-receiving participant 109 to review thecommunications content 102 and any detected indicia of deception foreducation and/or training purposes. During a communication interaction,the deceptive indicia detection module 115 may detect an incidence ofindicia of deception. The deceptive indicia detection module 115 maystore a record associated with the detected indicia of deception to aparticipant profile 137 maintained in the participant database 136 ofthe deceptive indicia repository 135. Following the communicationsinteraction, one or more portions of the communications content 102 maybe retrieved from the deceptive indicia repository 135 anddisplayed/broadcasted by the presentation module 108 via a reviewinterface 133. The review interface 133 may include video playbackfunctionality configured to present the communications content 102according to the records associated with the detected indicia ofdeception. The review interface 133 may allow for the content-receivingparticipant 109 to skip to portions of the communications content 102associated with the records associated with the detected indicia ofdeception. For example, the review interface 133 may provide a “skip tonext” user interface element whereby a user input associated with the“skip to next” user interface element causes the review interface 133 todisplay/broadcast the next instance of the communications content 102having a record associated with a detection of indicia of deception.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example embodiment where the operational flow 400of FIG. 4 may include at least one additional operation. Additionaloperations may include an operation 1202 and/or 1204.

Operation 1202 illustrates receiving one or more image signals. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 1, the communications content capture device101 and/or the physiological data capture device 112 may include ahigh-resolution camera. The high-resolution camera may image the skinsurface of the content-generating participant 103. The deceptive indiciadetection module 115 may receive signals associated with the image ofthe skin surface and detect the locations of one or more skin surfacefeatures, such as perspiration pores. The size of the perspiration poresand/or the dimensions of any perspiration droplets emanating from thosepores may be measured (e.g. pixel counts, reflectivity fluctuations,brightness, color, etc in the skin surface image) and monitored forchanges over time. As an elevated level of perspiration may be anindicator of stress associated with providing deceptive communicationscontent 102, a computed perspiration level in excess of the deceptiveindicia threshold value (e.g. a threshold pore or droplet dimension) maybe detected as indicia of deception in the communications content 102.

In another exemplary embodiment, the communications content capturedevice 101 and/or the physiological data capture device 112 may includea high-resolution camera. The high-resolution camera may image thefacial region of the content-generating participant 103. The deceptiveindicia detection module 115 may receive signals associated with theimage of the facial region and detect the locations of one or morefacial features. The movements of various facial features (e.g. the eyesand, more specifically, pupil dilation) may be measured (e.g. pixelcounts, reflectivity fluctuations, brightness, color, etc. in the facialregion image) and monitored for changes over time. For example, in thecase of a right-handed person, movement of the eyes to the up and leftmay be indicative of a “constructed” response which may be indicative ofdeception.

Further, certain brief, involuntary facial movements (e.g.“micro-expressions”) may be associated with certain underlying emotionsof the content-generating participant 103. For example, the FacialAction Coding System (FACS) developed by Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesenhas mapped various facial movements to underlying emotions. As certainphysical movements (e.g. pupil dilation, eye movement,micro-expressions, etc.) may be an indicator of deceptive communicationscontent 102, a computed facial movement (e.g. pupil dilation) in excessof the deceptive indicia threshold value (e.g. movement duration,movement distance, movement frequency) may be detected as indicia ofdeception in the communications content 102.

Operation 1204 illustrates receiving one or more audio signals. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 2, the communications content capture device101 may include a microphone. The microphone may capture an audio signal(e.g. speech content, a voice print, breathing, ambient noise, etc.) ofthe content-generating participant 103. The deceptive indicia detectionmodule 115 may then analyze the audio signal and detect one or morecharacteristics of the audio signal.

Those having skill in the art will recognize that the state of the arthas progressed to the point where there is little distinction leftbetween hardware and software implementations of aspects of systems; theuse of hardware or software is generally (but not always, in that incertain contexts the choice between hardware and software can becomesignificant) a design choice representing cost vs. efficiency tradeoffs.Those having skill in the art will appreciate that there are variousvehicles by which processes and/or systems and/or other technologiesdescribed herein can be effected (e.g., hardware, software, and/orfirmware), and that the preferred vehicle will vary with the context inwhich the processes and/or systems and/or other technologies aredeployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed andaccuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardwareand/or firmware vehicle; alternatively, if flexibility is paramount, theimplementer may opt for a mainly software implementation; or, yet againalternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware,software, and/or firmware. Hence, there are several possible vehicles bywhich the processes and/or devices and/or other technologies describedherein may be effected, none of which is inherently superior to theother in that any vehicle to be utilized is a choice dependent upon thecontext in which the vehicle will be deployed and the specific concerns(e.g., speed, flexibility, or predictability) of the implementer, any ofwhich may vary. Those skilled in the art will recognize that opticalaspects of implementations will typically employ optically-orientedhardware, software, and or firmware.

The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments ofthe devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts,and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/orexamples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will beunderstood by those within the art that each function and/or operationwithin such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented,individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software,firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment,several portions of the subject matter described herein may beimplemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), FieldProgrammable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), orother integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art willrecognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, inwhole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integratedcircuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or morecomputers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computersystems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors(e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors),as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designingthe circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmwarewould be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light ofthis disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciatethat the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capableof being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, andthat an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described hereinapplies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium usedto actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearingmedium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable typemedium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), aDigital Video Disk (DVD), a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and atransmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analogcommunication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wiredcommunications link, a wireless communication link, etc.).

In a general sense, those skilled in the art will recognize that thevarious aspects described herein which can be implemented, individuallyand/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, orany combination thereof can be viewed as being composed of various typesof “electrical circuitry.” Consequently, as used herein “electricalcircuitry” includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry havingat least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having atleast one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least oneapplication specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming ageneral purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g.,a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which atleast partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein,or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at leastpartially carries out processes and/or devices described herein),electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of randomaccess memory), and/or electrical circuitry forming a communicationsdevice (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electricalequipment). Those having skill in the art will recognize that thesubject matter described herein may be implemented in an analog ordigital fashion or some combination thereof.

Those having skill in the art will recognize that it is common withinthe art to describe devices and/or processes in the fashion set forthherein, and thereafter use engineering practices to integrate suchdescribed devices and/or processes into data processing systems. Thatis, at least a portion of the devices and/or processes described hereincan be integrated into a data processing system via a reasonable amountof experimentation. Those having skill in the art will recognize that atypical data processing system generally includes one or more of asystem unit housing, a video display device, a memory such as volatileand non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors and digitalsignal processors, computational entities such as operating systems,drivers, graphical user interfaces, and applications programs, one ormore interaction devices, such as a touch pad or screen, and/or controlsystems including feedback loops and control motors (e.g., feedback forsensing position and/or velocity; control motors for moving and/oradjusting components and/or quantities). A typical data processingsystem may be implemented utilizing any suitable commercially availablecomponents, such as those typically found in datacomputing/communication and/or network computing/communication systems.

The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates differentcomponents contained within, or connected with, different othercomponents. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures aremerely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures can beimplemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense,any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality iseffectively “associated” such that the desired functionality isachieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve aparticular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each othersuch that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective ofarchitectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components soassociated can also be viewed as being “operably connected”, or“operably coupled”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality,and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewedas being “operably couplable”, to each other to achieve the desiredfunctionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but arenot limited to physically mateable and/or physically interactingcomponents and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interactingcomponents and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactablecomponents.

It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, termsused herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of theappended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term“including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” theterm “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term“includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,”etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if aspecific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such anintent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence ofsuch recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid tounderstanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of theintroductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claimrecitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed toimply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinitearticles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing suchintroduced claim recitation to inventions containing only one suchrecitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases“one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or“an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “atleast one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use ofdefinite articles used to introduce claim recitations.

In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitationis explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that suchrecitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recitednumber (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without othermodifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or morerecitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a conventionanalogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in generalsuch a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the artwould understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one ofA, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have Aalone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and Ctogether, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.).

In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A,B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended inthe sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention(e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include butnot be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and Btogether, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and Ctogether, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the artthat virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or morealternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings,should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including oneof the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, thephrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A”or “B” or “A and B.”

While particular aspects of the present subject matter described hereinhave been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled inthe art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modificationsmay be made without departing from the subject matter described hereinand its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are toencompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as arewithin the true spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein.Furthermore, it is to be understood that the invention is defined by theappended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: means for detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communication content provided by a participant in a first communications interaction; means for detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communications content provided by the participant in a second communications interaction; means for generating a deceptive indicia profile for the participant according to indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the first communications interaction and indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the second communications interaction; and means for providing a notification associated with the deceptive indicia profile for the participant to a second participant in a communications interaction with the participant.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the means for detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communication content provided by a participant in a first communications interaction and detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communications content provided by the participant in a second communications interaction comprise: means for detecting one or more micro expressions of the first participant providing the communication content.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the means for detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communication content provided by a participant in a first communications interaction and detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communications content provided by the participant in a second communications interaction comprise: means for detecting an eye dilation of the first participant providing the communication content.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the means for detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communication content provided by a participant in a first communications interaction and detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communications content provided by the participant in a second communications interaction comprise: means for detecting an eye movement of the first participant providing the communication content.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the means for detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communication content provided by a participant in a first communications interaction and detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communications content provided by the participant in a second communications interaction comprise: means for detecting a heart rate of the first participant providing the communication content.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the means for detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communication content provided by a participant in a first communications interaction and detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communications content provided by the participant in a second communications interaction comprise: means for detecting a blood pressure of the first participant providing the communication content.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the means for detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communication content provided by a participant in a first communications interaction and detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communications content provided by the participant in a second communications interaction comprise: means for detecting a perspiration level of the first participant providing the communication content.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the means for detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communication content provided by a participant in a first communications interaction and detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communications content provided by the participant in a second communications interaction comprise: means for detecting a breathing rate of the first participant providing the communication content.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the means for detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communication content provided by a participant in a first communications interaction and detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communications content provided by the participant in a second communications interaction comprise: means for detecting voice stress of the first participant providing the communication content.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the means for detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communication content provided by a participant in a first communications interaction and detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communications content provided by the participant in a second communications interaction comprise: means for detecting characteristic language within the communication content.
 11. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the means for generating a deceptive indicia profile for the participant according to indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the first communications interaction and indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the second communications interaction comprises: means for aggregating indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the first communications interaction and indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the second communications interaction.
 12. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the means for generating a deceptive indicia profile for the participant according to indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the first communications interaction and indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the second communications interaction comprises: means for comparing indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the first communications interaction and indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the second communications interaction.
 13. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the means for generating a deceptive indicia profile for the participant according to indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the first communications interaction and indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the second communications interaction comprises: means for averaging indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the first communications interaction and indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the second communications interaction.
 14. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the means for generating a deceptive indicia profile for the participant according to indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the first communications interaction and indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the second communications interaction comprises: means for generating a deceptive indicia profile for the participant according to frequency of indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the first communications interaction and indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the second communications interaction.
 15. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the means for generating a deceptive indicia profile for the participant according to indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the first communications interaction and indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the second communications interaction comprises: means for generating a deceptive indicia profile including stored examples of indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the first communications interaction and indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the second communications interaction.
 16. The system of claim 1, wherein the means for providing a notification associated with the deceptive indicia profile for the participant to a second participant in a communications interaction with the participant comprises: means for providing a notification associated with a frequency of indicia of deception detected in communication content provided by the first participant in the first communication interaction and the second communication interaction.
 17. The system of claim 1, wherein the means for providing a notification associated with the deceptive indicia profile for the participant to a second participant in a communications interaction with the participant comprises: means for providing a notification associated with a type of indicia of deception detected in communication content provided by the first participant in the first communication interaction and the second communication interaction.
 18. The system of claim 1, wherein the means for providing a notification associated with the deceptive indicia profile for the participant to a second participant in a communications interaction with the participant comprises: means for providing a stored example of a type of indicia of deception detected in communication content provided by the first participant in at least one of the first communication interaction and the second communication interaction.
 19. The system of claim 1, wherein the means for providing a notification associated with the deceptive indicia profile for the participant to a second participant in a communications interaction with the participant comprises: means for displaying a visual indicator associated with the deceptive indicia profile for the participant within a field of view of the second participant.
 20. The system of claim 1, wherein the means for providing a notification associated with the deceptive indicia profile for the participant to a second participant in a communications interaction with the participant comprises: means for emitting an audible notification associated with the deceptive indicia profile for the participant to the second participant.
 21. The system of claim 1, wherein the means for providing a notification associated with the deceptive indicia profile for the participant to a second participant in a communications interaction with the participant comprises: means for providing a notification associated with the deceptive indicia profile for the participant to the second participant during a communication interaction.
 22. The system of claim 1, wherein the means for providing a notification associated with the deceptive indicia profile for the participant to a second participant in a communications interaction with the participant comprises: means for providing a notification associated with the deceptive indicia profile for the participant to the second participant following a communication interaction.
 23. The system of claim 1, further comprising: means for receiving one or more signals associated with communication content provided by the participant in a communications interaction.
 24. The system of claim 23, wherein the means for receiving one or more signals associated with communication content provided by the participant in a communications interaction comprises: means for receiving one or more image signals.
 25. The system of claim 23, wherein the means for receiving one or more signals associated with communication content provided by the participant in a communications interaction comprises: means for receiving one or more audio signals.
 26. A method comprising: detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communication content provided by a participant in a first communications interaction; detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communications content provided by the participant in a second communications interaction; generating a deceptive indicia profile for the participant according to indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the first communications interaction and indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the second communications interaction; and providing a notification associated with the deceptive indicia profile for the participant to a second participant in a communications interaction with the participant.
 27. A computer-readable medium comprising computer-readable instructions for executing a computer implemented method, the method comprising: detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communication content provided by a participant in a first communications interaction; detecting one or more indicia of deception associated with one or more signals associated with communications content provided by the participant in a second communications interaction; generating a deceptive indicia profile for the participant according to indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the first communications interaction and indicia of deception detected in the communications content provided by the participant in the second communications interaction; and providing a notification associated with the deceptive indicia profile for the participant to a second participant in a communications interaction with the participant. 